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Example research essay topic: Bosnia And Herzegovina Russia And Austria - 1,080 words

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... ise of industrialism, countries needed new markets. The amount of lands 'owned' by Britain and France increased the rivalry with Germany who had entered the scramble to acquire colonies late and only had small areas of Africa. Nationalism: Nationalism means being a strong supporter of the rights and interests of one's country. The Congress of Vienna, held after Napoleon's exile to Elba, aimed to sort out problems in Europe.

Delegates from Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia (the winning allies) decided upon a new Europe that left both Germany and Italy as divided states. Strong nationalist elements led to the re-unification of Italy in 1861 and Germany in 1871. The settlement at the end of the Franco-Prussian war left France angry at the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany and keen to regain their lost territory. Large areas of both Austria-Hungary and Serbia were home to differing nationalist groups, all of whom wanted freedom from the states in which they lived. Naval-Rivalry Britain and Germany were the chief rivals at sea. Under Admiral Tirpitz, State Secretary of the Imperial Naval Office from 1897, a long-term shipbuilding programme began.

The German Navy Law of 1898 increased the German battleships from nine cruisers to twelve. In 1900 Germany passed a Navy Law which doubled the German battle fleet. In the meantime, Britain produced her first Dreadnought (literally, the word means fear nothing). Dreadnoughts were large, fast and heavily armed battleships with 12 inch guns. They set a new standard in naval armaments and rendered all previous battleships obsolete. The naval race became intense.

Between 1909 and 1911 Germany built nine Dreadnoughts while Britain completed 18 Dreadnoughts. In 1913, Germany widened the Kiel Canal to allow the easy passage of her Dreadnoughts from the Baltic to the North Sea while Britain built new naval bases for the Dreadnoughts in northern Scotland. Colonial-Rivalry After 1870, the European nations began to acquire colonies in Asia, Africa and the Pacific. Their imperialistic activities accelerated from 1880 onwards.

Between 1895 and 1905 imperialistic expansion reached its climax. Colonial rivalry was a cause of the First World War. In Africa, all the European powers except Austria and Russia had colonies there. Thus there were many clashes among France, Britain, Germany and Italy. For example, France rivalled with Italy over Tunis and with Germany over Morocco. Italy turned to Germany and Austria when she lost Tunis to France in 1881.

Russia and Britain could patch up their differences and form an entente in 1907 as a result of their mutual fear of Germany's expansionist activities in the Balkans. Russia, Britain and France could become firm friends after 1907 partly because of aggressive attitude of Germany in both the first and the second Moroccan crises. Germany found that, without a navy, she could not send much military help to the Dutch. Shortly after the event, Admiral von Tirpitz, the German Minister of Marine, proclaimed the need of a strong navy. From 1898 onwards, Germany built more battleships. In the first and the second Moroccan crises, war nearly resulted.

France and Britain nearly came to war over their rivalry in the Sudan in 1898. Rivalry of Russia and Austria in the Balkans Russia and Austria-Hungary resumed their Balkan rivalry, focusing on the Kingdom of Serbia and the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which Austria-Hungary had occupied since 1878. In 1881 Russia secretly had agreed in principle to Austria's future annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. But in 1908, Izvol " said foolishly consented to support formal annexation in return for Austria's support for revision of the agreement on the neutrality of the Bosporus and Dardanelles -- a change that would give Russia special navigational rights of passage.

Britain stymied the Russian gambit by blocking the revision, but Austria proceeded with the annexation. Then, backed by German threats of war, Austria-Hungary exposed Russia's weakness by forcing Russia to disavow support for Serbia. After Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Russia became a major part of the increased tension and conflict in the Balkans. In 1912 Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro defeated the Ottoman Empire in the First Balkan War, but the putative allies continued to quarrel among themselves. Then in 1913, the alliance split, and the Serbs, Greeks, and Romanians defeated Bulgaria in the Second Balkan War. Austria-Hungary became the patron of Bulgaria, which now was Serbia's territorial rival in the region, and Germany remained the Ottoman Empire's protector.

Russia tied itself more closely to Serbia than it had previously. The complex system of alliances and Great Power support was extremely unstable; among the Balkan parties harbouring resentments over past defeats, the Serbs maintained particular animosity toward the Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Other Long term causes: Suspicions and jealousy between the countries Alliances (some broken as Italy changed the side it was fighting for) There was a lot of tension between countries There were great power struggles between countries for empires There would be fame through victory Britain had a large navy, Germany wanted a large navy (Jealousy) Building up army (Militarism) Conclusion: As you can see there was a lot of tension between the countries and it only needed a spark to start the fire as the fuel to was ready to ignite. The historians have many different viewpoints on the causes of the 'Great War'. Volker Berghahn believes that the reasons for the war occurring were Germany started the war to stop trade unions from striking. Another historian named Tuchman claims that the railways were the key because once they started they were not going to be able to stop.

Taylor also agreed with Tuchman that the trains and timetables would not stop after Germany mobilized. Taylor claims that: "All the mobilization plans have been timed to the minute, months or even years before and they would not be changed. A change in one direction would ruin them in every other direction. " Taylor This shows that if the trains were stopped and / or changed it would destroy the plans. Once set in motion these railways could not be stopped even by the Kaiser. The last historian Joachim Remak claims that the blame cannot be placed on one man or country, he believed that: "All were sinners, all were sinned against. " Remak The point of view that is most persuasive is Remak's because the blame cannot be blamed on one country because there are many causes of the war that have been brought up by many different countries.


Free research essays on topics related to: austria hungary, russia and austria, germany and italy, bosnia and herzegovina, britain and france

Research essay sample on Bosnia And Herzegovina Russia And Austria

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