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Example research essay topic: Stress At Work Occupational Stress - 1,352 words

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... occupational stress can be divided into four models namely social environment, person environment fit, vitamin model and job strain (Buunk et al, 1998). Social environment model view environmental factors such as the size of organisation that one is working for as the source of stressor. Organizational size can be a stressor (Cooper & Payne, 1978). Large organizations, especially the universities, can create a sense of helplessness to make required changes in the organization. Similarly, the technology used by an organization to provide its service can be a source of employee stress.

An organizations design can also affect employee stress. Mechanistic organizations can create in some employees the sense of being controlled by the organization as a machine. (Buunk et al, 1998) While an organizations design can be a stressor, whether or not a particular employee will perceive stress due to that design will be affected by other factors. In this case personality might be a factor that influences the type of organization structure found to be stressful. For example, my interviewee likes order and certainty he find an organic organization much less stressful. The issue of personality type and stress shall be discussed later. The next model to be discussed is person environment fit.

Person environment fit view behavior as an interaction between person and the environment. (Cooper & Payne, 1978). The Person-Environment (P-E) Fit model, developed in the early 1970 s by researchers at the University of Michigan, states that strain develops when there is a discrepancy between the motives of the person and the supplies of the environment (job), or between the demands of the job and the abilities of the person to meet those demands. (Van Harrison 1964 as stated in stress at work) Motives include factors such as participation, income, and self-utilization. Demands include work load and job complexity (Cooper & Payne, 1978). my interview experience stress because of lack of resources from the environment. She stated that she experience stress because the university doesnt give her enough time. So using person environment fit model we will say that my interviewee experience stress because of the environment fails to provide enough resource.

Secondly by interview experienced stress because she was no satisfied with her salary. Again the environment failed to provide resources. The most significant stressor on my interviewee appeared to be workload excess, job complexity misfit, under utilization of abilities, and time. The next model of occupational stress is Job strain model Job strain model emphasizes the inter-action between demands and control in causing stress, and objective constraints on action in the work environment, rather than individual perceptions or "person-environment fit. " This model cannot be applied to my interview because my interviewee was having control over her work. As noted by Karasek (1989) in work stress and the resulting physical and mental health effects of work stress, result "not from a single aspect of the work environment, but from the joint effects of the demands of a work situation and the range of decision-making freedom available to the worker facing those demands. Job strain occurs when job demands are high and job decision latitude is low" (52, p. 287).

In addition, other important work related and "social" stressors exist that are less directly connected to the concept of "job strain, " but may also have significant health consequences. These include increasing work hours, and sexual or racial harassment or discrimination. Conflict within and between groups can be a significant source of organizational stress, as can poor relations with co-workers. Personality is another factor that can moderate the relationship between a stressor being present and stress being perceived. One important personality characteristic is called Type A/B Behaviour Pattern (Cooper& Roy, 1978).

This classification is based on early work in medicine linking personality to susceptibility to heart attack. It was found that those people who could be classified as Type A were hard-driving, felt time-pressured, and tried to accomplish too much in too little time. Behaviourally, the Type A individual always seems to be in a hurry (Cooper &Roy, 1978). The Type A person is likely to interrupt another to finish the others sentences (presumably to save time). The Type B person, in contrast, is more relaxed, less in a hurry, and more willing to take time. Given these descriptions, it is not surprising to find that a Type A is more at risk of health breakdown.

Type Bs either do not expose themselves to as many potentially stressful situations, feel less stress even when in those situations, or do not respond to stress in the same way. Other personality features thought to moderate the stressor perceived stress. Stress response relationships are self-esteem and what is called locus of control. People with a strong sense of self (high self-esteem) and who feel in control of events (internal locus of control) are predicted to be less affected by stressors.

The study done on mental outcomes of job stress among Chinese teachers shows that theres a correlation between job stress and self esteem (Brouwers, Topic, Schmitch, Schwarze 2000, Schwarzer &Green glass, 1999) The more a person feels out-of-control and / or unable to make required changes, the stronger the links should be between stressors, perceived stress, and stress reactions. In this latter case, the individual is under strain and yet feels unable to do anything about it. It an acceptable fact that women experience more stress than man. As stated by above discussion. Theories accounting for high stress amongst womans have been divided into two namely Biological, environmental. Using biological explanation of stress this essay has found that my interviewee was experiencing stress because of her hormones.

Discussion of environmental factors shows that my interviewee was more stressed because of the environment failure to supply resources. As stated by person environment fit theory, behavior is the interaction between person and the environment. So the above discussion has stated that my interviewee experience stress because of lack of resources from the environment. Social environment theory discussed above has identified that certain factors such as size of the organization, technology using by the organization can be stressful. As stated by my interviewee working for big university such as university of the Johannesburg require one to put more effort in her work. Like I mentioned my interviewee was married women with four children, putting more effort in her resulted in work conflict.

She had to deal with work over load and this was the main cause of stress for her. Lastly this discussion has found that my interviewee was more likely to be stressed because of physical and sexual abuse. Studies shown that sexual abuse, in particular led to stress. Other factors contributing to my interviewee high level of stress include bad relationship with peers and supervisor. REFERENCE LISTS Buunk, B. P, de-Jonge, J, Y-Bema, J.

F& de Wolff, C. J. (1998) Work psychology, Handbook of work and organizational psychology, (2 nd ed). Hove: Psychology). Psychological aspects of stress.

In P. J. Death, H. They, & de Wolff, C. J (eds). gy press, Ltd.

Brouwers, Topic, Schmitch & Schwarzer (2000) Mental health outcomes of job stress among Chinese teachers: Journal of organizational behaviour, 8 p. p 245 - 261 Cooper, G & Smith, M (1985). Job stress and blue collar work: New York. Plenum press. Cooper, G & Roy, P (1978). Stress at work: Chichester.

J-Wiley Eckenrode J, & Gore, S (1990). Stress between work and family: New York. Plenum press. Frankenhaeuser, M, Landberg U, & Chesney, M. (1991).

Women work and health: Stress opportunities. New York: Plenum press Friesen, D & Sarros, J (1989). Sources of burnout among educators: Journal of organizational behaviour, 10 p. p 179 - 188 Gale group (2004). Bad relationship affect women more. Retrieved 14 march 2005 from web Karasek RA.

Control in the workplace and its health-related aspects. In Job Control and Worker Health, eds. SL Sauter, JJ Hurrell, CL Cooper. New York: Wiley, 1989; 129 - 159.

Philips, D. L. & Segal. B. E (1969).

Sexual status and psychiatric symptoms. American sociological review, 34, 58 - 7 Shostaka, B (1980). Blue-collar stress: London. Addison wesley.


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Research essay sample on Stress At Work Occupational Stress

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