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Example research essay topic: Persian Gulf War War On Iraq - 2,620 words

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... al warfare agents. In the defense, integrating chemical weapons offered a solution to the masses of lightly armed Basic and Posdoran. Chemical weapons were singularly effective when used on troop assembly areas and supporting artillery. When conducting offensive operations, Iraq routinely supported the attacks with deep fires and integrated chemical fires on forward defenses, command posts, artillery positions, and logistical facilities.

War Termination The Iran-Iraq war lasted nearly eight years, from September of 1980 until August of 1988. It ended when Iran accepted United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolution 598, leading to a 20 August 1988 cease-fire. At the end, virtually none of the issues which are usually blamed for the war had been resolved. When it was over, the conditions which existed at the beginning of the war remained virtually unchanged. Although Iraq won the war militarily, and possessed a significant military advantage over Iran in 1989, the 1991 Persian Gulf War reduced Iraq's capabilities to a point where a rough parity existed between Iran and Iraq-conditions similar to those found in 1980. Gulf War II Why Would Iraq invade Kuwait?

Kuwait supplies much of the worlds oil supplies, and when Hussein invaded Kuwait, he controlled 24 % of the worlds oil supplies. Though this is a good reason, it is not the only one. Iraq's real excuse for annexing Kuwait was that he believed that Kuwait was producing more oil than it was supposed to, taking out of Iraq's profits. Also, Iraq was $ 80 billion in debt to Kuwait, and Iraq thought that the debt should be forgiven. After Iraq attacked Kuwait, the United States and other countries feared that Saudi Arabia would be next and that the worlds oil supply was in jeopardy. This was the spark that leads to the Persian Gulf War.

There was also controversy with Iraq even before the invasion of Kuwait. Iraq was suspected of developing chemical weapons. The United Nations had often asked to check their weapons supplies to prevent Iraq from gaining great military power. When Iraq refused to let the UN inspectors into the country, suspicion was raised. One final thing that began the Persian Gulf War was Iraq's development of the SCUD Missile. Though not as powerful as any weapon in the United States arsenal, the SCUD Missile still had the ability to hit any target within 500 miles, and destroy large buildings.

Just before the United States began air strikes over Iraq, Hussein decided to test his new weapon on the city of Iraq. Little damage was caused, but it just was another excuse for the United States to attack. The First war with iran left Iraq with huge battle-tested army and vast stockpiles of modern weapons. To intimidate Kuwait over the issue of access to the gulf and Kuwait's unwillingness to limit its oil production, President Saddam Husayn massed Iraqi troops on Kuwait's border. On August 2, 1990, to the surprise of the world, Iraq invaded and occupied Kuwait announcing Kuwait's annexation as Iraq's nineteenth province. Iraqi combat forces continued to move southward to the Saudi border, and enormous amounts of supplies were transported to the frontline troops.

Intelligence sources indicated that Husayn planned to seize the nearby Saudi oil fields and processing installations. The Saudi Arabian National Guard was mobilized and deployed along the border, with army units to follow. Convinced that an Iraqi attack on Saudi territory was imminent and recognizing that available Saudi forces were no match for the divisions Husayn had moved into Kuwait, King Fahd authorized the deployment of United States forces to defend his northern border against Iraqi aggression. In the ensuing months, an allied force of more than 600, 000 ground, sea, and air force personnel was assembled to defend Saudi Arabia and to drive the Iraqis out of Kuwait. Command of the allied forces was divided, with the head of the United States Central Command, General H. Norman Schwarzkopf, in charge of United States, British, and French units and his Saudi counterpart, Lieutenant General Khalid ibn Sultan Al Saud, son of the minister of defense and aviation and nephew of the king, in charge of units from twenty-four non-Western countries, including troops from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Kuwait, and other states of the Persian Gulf.

Saudi ground forces deployed for the allied undertaking (called Operation Desert Shield and renamed Operation Desert Storm when the war began in January 1991), consisted of one armored brigade, three mechanized brigades, and two national guard mechanized brigades. Saudi military resources were also strained by the need to manage the allied military buildup and to ensure that the nations contributing forces to the coalition were supplied with fuel, housing, power, and food. The Saudi air force flew 3, 000 supply missions, losing only one Tornado and two F- 5 E fighter aircraft to Iraqi fire. The war started on January 16, 1991 by allied airstrikes. The aim of those was to destroy all military installations owned and controlled by Iraqi forces. Within a month the allies more or less accomplished such task and after Iraq's refusal to accept US ultimatum involving withdrawal of all Iraqi forces from all of Kuwait's territory the airplanes were followed by ground forces on February 23, 1991.

The ground force was mainly comprised of US Army and Marines supported by various Arab Armies troops. On February 26, 1991, Kuwait resistance forces announced the regain of control over nations capital, Kuwait City. The following day, then in power US president George Bush Sr. ordered a ceasefire effective at midnight of February 27, 1991. The actual war lasted for only 6 weeks and ended with a total defeat of Iraq.

President Husayn didnt seem to learn his lesson however, escalating the situation in the area several times afterwards. First in 1998 he denied the international weapons inspectors the access to chosen installations and tried to play the same trick again in 2001. In years between the international community tried to open the way for the inspectors again, but succeeded only after direct threatening Saddam with declaring of the war on Iraq again. Gulf War III The first and most obvious ploy of the war hawks was to claim, in the words of the president, "He [Saddam] possesses the most deadly arms of our age. " The problem with this argument is that it is probably not true and, even if true, suggests a need to disarm Iraq, not to wage a war to bring down Saddam Hussein. Iraq certainly had such weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) at one time, but between 1991 and 1998 a combination of the Gulf War, UN sanctions, and UN inspectors destroyed almost all or all of them and Iraq's capabilities to produce more of them. In the words of Scott Ritter, "I bear personal witness through seven years as a chief weapons inspector in Iraq for the United Nations to both the scope of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction programs and the effectiveness of UN weapons inspectors in ultimately eliminating them. " On October 7, 2002, President Bush contributed what was surely the weirdest of his "homicidal-dictator-with-WMDs" rationales for a war with Iraq.

In a speech in Cincinnati, he first noted that "Saddam Hussein is a homicidal dictator who is addicted to weapons of mass destruction" and then warned that "Iraq has a growing fleet of manned and unmanned aerial vehicles that could be used to disperse chemical and biological weapons across broad areas. We " re concerned that Iraq is exploring ways of using these [unmanned aerial vehicles] for missions targeting the United States. " Presumably Bush was here referring to the Czech L- 29 jet training aircraft, 169 of which Iraq bought in the 1960 s and 1980 s. The L- 29 is a single-engine, dual-seat airplane meant to be a basic flight trainer for novices, the Soviet bloc's version of America's Cessna. It has a range of about 840 miles and a top speed of around 145 miles per hour. There is some evidence that even before t! he Gulf war Iraq had experimented with converting these aircraft into unmanned aerial vehicles-but they may have been merely crop-dusters.

Perhaps the least convincing of the official reasons for wanting to get rid of Saddam is the administration's contention that he has no respect for UN resolutions. On September 30, 2002, Rumsfeld staged a show at the Pentagon featuring gun-camera footage of Iraqi antiaircraft artillery firing at American and British warplanes patrolling the no-fly zones in northern and southern Iraq. Rumsfeld said, "With each missile launched at our air crews, Iraq expresses its contempt for the UN resolutions -- a fact that must be kept in mind as their latest inspection offers are evaluated. " But Secretary Rumsfeld must know that no UN resolution (or other international authority) exists to legitimate the no-fly zones. The U. S. , Britain, and France created them unilaterally in March 1991 in order to protect Kurds and Shiites who had risen in revolt against Saddam after the Gulf War.

Although this stopped Saddam from using his air power, the Bush administration then stood by as he crushed the uprisings because it feared that a successful Kurdish revolt would destabilize its ally, Turkey, which has long been engaged in a ruthless suppression of its own Kurdish minority. France soon dropped out of the no-fly zone enforcement, but the U. S. and Britain!

have continued and, more recently, escalated their air attacks, although they are clearly illegal under international law. The attacks of September 11 have, in turn, given the United States a renewed opportunity to expand its power and influence in the region -- this time potentially to use its new Persian Gulf bases to establish even more bases in the ancient territories between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Iraq. War Starts The U. S. and British warplanes bombed Iraqi targets north and south on Thursday and hit Republican Guard units trying to blunt the advance on Baghdad. Officials said 25 Marines were wounded or missing after a battle at an undisclosed location.

Free of constraints imposed by two days of sandstorms, combat aircraft dropped bombs "just about as fast as we can load them, " said Capt. Thomas A. Parker, aboard the USS Kitty Hawk in the Persian Gulf. Increasingly, invading forces operated in all regions of Saddam Hussein's domain. Cargo planes delivered military supplies into northern Iraq, one day after 1, 000 American airborne troops parachuted in to seize an airfield. Hundreds of miles to the south, British officials said their forces destroyed 14 Iraqi tanks emerging from the besieged city of Basra.

And in central Iraq, the first resupply plane landed on a restored runway at Tall Airfield hastily renamed "Bush International Airport" by American forces who secured it earlier in the week. Still, Iraqi resistance continue to slow the drive on the capital and kept American and British forces out of key cities such as Basra and An Nasiriyah. Its mines kept ships with humanitarian assistance from unloading their cargo at the southern port city of Umm Basra. "The enemy must come inside Baghdad and that will be its grave, " Iraqi Defense Minister Sultan Hashem Ahmed vowed defiantly. Half a world away, President Bush hosted British Prime Minister Tony Blair at a Camp David summit where both men vowed victory over Saddam.

With speculation rising about a months long conflict, the president refused to estimate how long the fighting might last. "However long it takes, " he said, thumping the podium for emphasis with each word. "This isn't a matter of timetable, it's a matter of victory. " As he spoke, advance elements of the 4 th Infantry Division prepared to leave Fort Hood, Texas, for Kuwait, beginning a long-planned deployment of 20, 000 more ground troops. Eight days into the war, Iraqis accused U. S. and British forces of targeting civilians. They, in turn, were accused of seizing Iraqi children to force their fathers into battle. "They are targeting the human beings in Iraq to decrease their morale, " Iraqi Health Minister Owned Media Mubarak told reporters. Officials said about 350 civilians had been killed in the operation, and more than 3, 500 others injured.

One day after Iraq claimed more than a dozen civilians were injured in a missile strike in Baghdad, Brig. Gen. Vincent Brooks said it was possible that an Iraqi missile was responsible. "It may have been a deliberate attack inside of town, " he added. There was little information about the reported Marine casualties in fighting around An Nasiriyah, one of the southern Iraq cities where irregular forces have put up far more resistance than American military planners expected.

Brooks told reporters merely that some Marines had been injured in a 90 -minute battle in the area. Officials at Camp Lejeune, N. C. , where the troops are based, said 14 members of the 2 nd Expeditionary Force were listed as wounded in action and another 11 as missing after fighting on Wednesday. After two days of curtailed bombing because of bad weather, officials reported more than 600 bombing missions over Iraq during the day, including many directed against Republican Guard formations near Baghdad. Small groups of Iraqi armored personnel carriers, ranging from three to six vehicles, tested U. S.

defenses around Karbala, about 50 miles from the capital. American commanders called in air strikes when the Iraqis closed to within 10 miles, and U. S. troops cheered as the bombs found their targets. Baghdad was hit, as it has been every day since the war began. Bombs fell, too, on Iraqi positions near the Kurdish zone in the northern part of the country.

To the south, British forces have been trying for days to gain control over Basra, but die-hard defenders of Saddam's regime have held positions inside the city amid reports of clashes with the local population. Adm. Michael Boyce, chief of the British defense staff, told reporters that British forces destroyed 14 tanks that tried to leave the city during the morning. According to historians, it was Britain's biggest such battle since World War II. "It's a suicidal approach which is irrational with no military logic to it, " said Capt. Al Lockwood, a British officer. Bush and Blair used their news conference to demand that the United Nations' oil-for-food program restart immediately.

About 60 percent of Iraq's 22 million people are fed through the program, under which Iraq is allowed to sell unlimited oil, as long as the money goes mainly to buy food, medicine and other humanitarians goods for the population. The program was halted when the United Nations ordered its workers to leave the country. While administration officials say Bush has not decided how to administer postwar Iraq, they said many top advisers want to limit U. N. participation to primarily humanitarian relief. The administration is inclined to leave political and military decisions to the wartime coalition partners, officials said.

Baghdad Falls 9 th April 2003 As American marines gradually take control of the Iraqi capital, Baghdad, on the twenty-first day of the war on Iraq, broadcasters have switched to rolling news. Baghdad may have had a reprieve from bombing attacks last night, but the Iraq war is not over. This is the warning from American officials, who have cautioned that, even with the arrival of American troops in central Baghdad, battles remain - especially in northern Iraq, where major cities such as Model are still under Iraqi government control. As the Iraqi leader's control of Baghdad crumbled yesterday, coalition warplanes continued to strike Saddam Hussein's hometown of Tikrit, about 145 kilometers north of Baghdad. The Iraqi ambassador to the United Nations, Mohammed al-Door, admitted Saddam's regime is finished.


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