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... are than 2 centimeters but it has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. The cancer is 2 to 5 centimeters but has not spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. B) The cancer is 2 to 5 centimeters and has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm.
The cancer is larger than 5 centimeters but has not spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. Stage 3 A) The cancer is smaller than 5 centimeters and has spread to the lymph nodes, and the lymph nodes are attached to each other or other structures. The cancer is larger than 5 centimeters and has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. B) The cancer has spread to tissues near the breast in the ribs and the muscles in the chest.
The cancer has spread to lymph nodes inside the chest wall along the breast bone. Stage 4 The cancer has spread to other parts of the body such as the bones, lungs, liver, or brain. Diagnosis There are several tests used in the diagnosis of breast cancer. Mammography A mammography is an x-ray taken to examine the breasts. It is usually taken on women over the age of 35. It is not taken on younger women because they have denser breast tissues and this can make it difficult to detect anything on the mammogram.
Ultrasound An ultrasound is used to see if a lump is solid or if it contains fluid. A small device, which emits sound waves, is passed over the breasts. The echoes are converted into a picture of the breast tissue by a computer. Fine needle aspiration Using a fine needle and syringe, a sample of cells from the lump on the breast is taken. It is taken to a lab where it is tested to see if it contains any "bad" cells. Needle biopsy The area of the breast where the lump is present is numbed.
A needle is then used to take a biopsy, a small piece of tissue. It is then taken to a lab where it is checked for cancer. Blood tests You blood may be tested to see if it contains any particular chemicals which are sometimes produced by cancer cells. Excision biopsy The whole lump is removed and sent to a lab for examination. Treatment It is important to know about the cancer before you can start the treatment. Lab tests are done to learn about the cancer.
There are several options that the patient can choose from. In order to choose the best treatment for you, the doctor would want to know the size of your tumor and if the tumor is present in other parts of your body. Surgery Most people have surgery to remove their tumors. There are several types of surgery such as Lumpectomy and Partial or segmental mastectomy.
Two main types of surgery Lumpectomy - Thos type of surgery is the removal of the tumor and the tissue around it. Sometimes, the doctor may also take out the lymph nodes under the arm. This type of surgery is usually followed by radiation therapy. Partial or segmental mastectomy - In this type of surgery the cancer is removed as well as the tissue around it and the lining over the chest muscles below the tumor. The lymph nodes under the arm may also be removed. This type of surgery may also be followed by radiation.
Radiation therapy In radiation therapy, high-energy x-rays are used to kill cancer. Radiation may come from a machine from outside the body or a material may be placed inside the body that produces radiation through thin plastic tubes. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. Some of the drugs are injected into the vein or the muscle. Others are given by mouth. The drugs flow through the bloodstream into nearly every part of the body.
Hormone therapy Hormone therapy changes the way the hormones in the body help the cancer cells grow. Hormone therapy may be done by using drugs to change the way the hormones work or by surgery to take out the organs that make the hormones. Biological therapy Biological therapy uses materials that are synthetic or formed naturally by the body to restore the body's defenses against diseases. This treatment is currently only being given in clinical trials. Bone marrow transplantation When the breast cancer becomes resistant to radiation or chemotherapy, very high doses of chemotherapy may be used to treat the cancer. Because this type of chemotherapy can damage or destroy the bone marrow, it is taken from the bones before treatment and frozen.
Leukapheresis The patient's blood is passed through a machine that removes the stem cells (immature cells where blood cells develop). The stem cells are treated with drugs to kill cancer cells. They are then transplanted back into the patient. Side effects of the treatment There are side effects occur with breast cancer, just like any other treatment for any other disease. In any type of cancer treatment, patients may have a loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and mouth sores. Surgery The side effects of surgery depend on the location of the tumor, the type of operation, and other factors.
Pain from the operation can be controlled with medicine. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy drugs kill rapidly growing cancer cells, but it also kills some "healthy" cells. These healthy cells include blood cells, cells that line the digestive tract, and cells in hair follicles. This results in side effects such as infections, tiredness, temporary hair loss, and mouth sores. And because the drugs lower the patient's blood count, it may cause anemia. It may also cause the patient to bruise more easily.
Radiation Radiation may cause a decrease in the number of white blood cells. Other side effects are tiredness, rashes or redness in treated areas, and loss of appetite. Chances of recovery Most women treated for early types of cancer live healthy lives after the recovery. But your chance of recover depends on many factors such as the type and stage of your breast cancer, how fast the cancer is spreading, how much the cancer cells depend on female hormones for growth, your age, your menopausal status, and your health.
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Research essay sample on Kill Cancer Cells Cancer Has Spread
