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Example research essay topic: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - 1,524 words

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Living with Tourette syndrome gives a deeper insight to the highly misunderstood and understated disease, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. The book delves into the origin of the disease, the symptoms, the medications, and the treatments. Then the author gives thoughtful advice, a guide, so to speak, for parents, relatives, loved ones, and sufferers of Tourette. The author Elaine Fate Shimberg, is the mother of three children with Tourette Syndrome and a board member of the Tourette Association.

She has authored twelve books and gives lectures around the world about mothering three Tourette. To understand the disease, you must know its interesting history. In 1885, the French physician, Dr. Georges Albert Edward Brutes Gilles de la Tourette, first suggested that the diseases symptoms were part of a distinct condition different from other movement disorders. (Shimberg, 1995 p. 25) Tourette studied several patients he believed to have the disorder. These studies included a French noblewoman who used to interject obscenities during conversation. (This is also known as coprolalia, ) Tourette came to the conclusion that TS was hereditary, (Shimberg, 1995, P. 67) that the disorder did not have any intellectual or psychological deterioration, (Shimberg, 1995, p. 69) and he also correctly identified the childhood onset of the disease. For decades after Tourette's discovery, Tourette Syndrome was believed to b 4 e a psychological disorder.

With the twentieth century and the age of Freud's psychoanalysis, new ideas and theories about Tourette Syndrome came a dime a dozen. Hysteria, schizophrenia, mental instability, sexual dysfunction, narcissistic disorder, and poor family dynamics were just a few of the speculated causes of that era. (Shimberg, 1995, p. 66) It wasnt until the mid 1960 s that researchers work helped our present understanding of Tourette came to be. It was finally acknowledged that the disorder was biologically based, thereby changing the belief that TS was a psychological or psychogenic disorder. (Shimberg, 1995, p. 66) Tourette syndrome, also called Tourette's Disorder, is known to be a neurobiological tic disorder involving both motor and phonic tics. TSA is not a psychological illness or psychosis. The disease is biochemical 6 y base 4 d and is genetically transferred, that is, a person is born with it, and it is not contagious. (Shimberg, 1995, p. 81) TS is characterized by repetitive, sudden, and involuntary movements.

Although there is no known medical, biological, or psychological test to diagnose Tourette Syndrome, specific guidelines were compiled in the 1980 s by the American Psychiatric Association. According to the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, also known as DSM-IV, five symptoms must be present. 1. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics must have been present at some time during the illness, although not necessarily concurrently. A tic is defined as a sudden, rapid, recurrent, non-rhythmic, motor movement or vocalization. 2. The tics occur many times a day, usually in bouts, nearly every day or intermittently throughout a period of more that one year. During this period, there must have never been a tic-free period of more than three consecutive months. 3.

The disturbance caused marked distress or significant impairments in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. 4. The onset of the diseases symptoms occurs before the age of eighteen, and 5. The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance or general medical condition. Over 35 million people in America have tics, so TS is hard to diagnose, and the disorder is usually misdiagnosed as a nervous condition, disruptive behavior, and sometimes even allergies.

Often, people with mild TS do not even seek medical attention. Simple transient childhood tics occur in 15 to 24 % of schoolbags children and this too, makes a correct diagnosis difficult to make. (Shimberg, 1995, p. 26) It is believed that one in every 200 people in the United States or almost 1. 3 million Americans have Tourette syndrome. The disease affects people of all races, social, economical, religious, and cultural backgrounds. Symptoms usually develop between the ages of two and sixteen, but in some rare cases, symptoms have developed as late as twenty-one. TS is also proven to affect 3 boys to every girl. There is no medical explanation for this phenomenon.

The most common tics are sniffing, coughing, sneezing, rapid blinking, and head, neck, and shoulder jerks. 80 % of those with Tourette have eye and eyelid tics. (Shimberg, 1995, p. 74) People with TS develop symptoms that are subtypes of separate disorders. 10 to 30 % of Tourette develop coprolalia. Coprolalia is the most disturbing vocal tic. It is marked by the sudden and uncontrollable urge to blurt out unacceptable words or phrases. This includes, but is not limited to, ethnic and religious slurs, crude references to anatomy bodily functions, sexual acts, and derogatory words and phrases.

People with coprolalia often have trouble at school and work. Some are able to develop mental coprolalia, or the ability to repeat the words in their head instead of outlook. The medication Hall helps some of the sufferers of this condition. Copraxia is another subtype. This is a motor tic that incorporates involuntary, and obscene, socially unacceptable actions. Giving the finger and grabbing or pointing at ones own or other peoples breasts and genitals.

This occurs in only a small number of people. Echolalia, a vocal symptom, is the involuntary repetition of another persons last word or sentence. These people imitate sounds, too occasionally. Sometimes, people develop mental echolalia. The only downfall of mental echolalia is the person may not hear what is being said while they are repeating the words.

Palilalia is the repetition of ones own last word, phrase, or sentence. (Shimberg, 1995, pgs. 30 - 36) Many people believe that every Tourette sufferer has typical behavior. The only thing that is typical of all Tourette is the sudden, involuntary, rapid, and purposelessness of every sufferers unique tics. The type, frequency and combination of tics, both motor and vocal, are variable. Other variables are the onset, fluctuation and duration of the tics from person to person.

Subtypes, severity and the development of other semi-related disorders are also variable. Hyperactivity, Attention Deficit Disorder (A. D. D. ), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (A. D.

H. D), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (O. C. D) and Self-Injurious Behavior (S. I. B. ) are some of the semi-related diseases most commonly developed. (Shimberg, 1995, p. 43) It is speculated that between 30 and 50 % of those with TS may have Attention Deficit Disorder, with or without hyperactivity.

Individuals with TS have varying degrees of obsessive-compulsive traits. Some people may have Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Attention Deficit Disorder in addition to Tourette syndrome. It is totally possible for someone to have TS and mot have any other associated disorders. (Shimberg, 1995, p. 44). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by recurrent, unwanted, and unpleasant thoughts (obsessive), and or repetitive and ritualistic behavior, which the person feels driven to perform (compulsions). Most people have some form of compulsion; it just doesnt interfere with their everyday life. Studies show that OCD makes sufferers slow to mature socially, and they often experience difficulty once they are adults.

Trying to create and maintain friendships and relationships with people is very difficult for those with OCD. Some typical obsessions include, but are in no way limited to, A. fear of dirt, germs, and contamination, B. fear of acting on violent impulses or aggressive behavior, C.

over concern with order, arrangement, or symmetry of objects, E. abhorrent thought that violate society's morale, F. feeling overly responsible for everything, G. Saving and hoarding items. (DSM-IV, 1994). OCD tends to follow a waxing and waning course, much like TS.

Those with OCD excel in masking their behavior. The diagnosis is difficult to make with this disorder. It is believed that OCD begins in adolescence or early adulthood, but sometimes it may manifest in early childhood. Many people with OCD are successfully treated with medication, such as Prozac and Paxil. These drugs are also used to treat TS. The most effective intervention for OCD is medication plus behavior modification therapy but it is only successful in about 25 % of those suffering from OCD.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is often interchangeably used with Attention Deficit Disorder. It is also related to hyperactivity and minimal brain disorder. ADHD often travels alongside TS. ADHD caused people to become impulsive, restless, and inattentive. The disorder has negative effects on social activities and personal interaction learning abilities, and the psychological well being of a person. Research is not sure that the gene responsible for TS also causes ADHD. (Shimberg, 1995, p. 60) Boys tend to show ADHD in a 3 to 1 ratio to girls.

The symptoms of the disorder usually show by the age of four, and almost always by the age of six. (Shimberg, 1995, p. 61) ADHD is expressed by the persons inability to stay focused on a task, to be impulsive, and or excessive motor activity. (Shimberg, 1995, p. 60) there is neither a test nor a cure for ADHD, but medication can help with the disorder, namely Ritalin. (Shimberg, 1995, p. 64) Adults too can have the...


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