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Example research essay topic: Cd Rom Drive Hard Drive - 1,502 words

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Subject: [ 3 - 2 ] How do I extract tracks from, or copy all of, an audio CD? Start with the CD-DA FAQ: web Take a look at web to see if your CD-ROM drive is up to the task. EAC, from web is often recommended for extracting ("ripping") audio tracks. To copy from CD to CD, the source drive needs to support digital audio extraction, which is rare among older drives but very common in current models. Ideally, the copy program will use disc-at-once recording to produce a duplicate that mimics the original as closely as possible (CDRWIN works well; see section (6 - 1 - 7) ). Some programs will only copy the CD to the hard drive and from there to CD-R, some will allow CD-to-CD directly but only if the source is a SCSI CD-ROM, and some will work with IDE or SCSI.

As with copying CD-ROMs, you must be able to read data off of the source drive faster than your recorder is writing. If you can only extract audio at 1 x, you " re not going to be able to do a CD-to-CD copy reliably. If you " re just interested in extracting digital audio, you don't even need a CD-R unit, just a CD-ROM drive that supports Digital Audio Extraction (DAE) and some software. The CD-DA sites noted at the top of this section list drives that support DAE, have software to evaluate your existing drive, and have links to several different DAE applications. Different drives can extract digital audio at different speeds.

For example, the Plextor 6 Plex can extract audio at 6 x, while the NEC 6 Xi can only extract at 1 x. The Plextor Ultra Plex has been clocked at over 20 x. Some CD-ROM and CD-R drives have trouble extracting digital audio at high speed, so if you " re getting lots of clicks and pops when extracting you should try doing it at a slower speed. You may also run into trouble if you try to extract faster than your hard drive can write. One user found that he was able to eliminate clicks and pops by de fragmenting his hard drive. Another found that the Win 95 "v cache" fix (section (4 - 1 - 2) ) solved his problems.

It should be pointed out that, while digitally extracted audio is an exact copy of the data on the CD, it's an exact copy as your CD player perceives it. Different drives or different runs with the same drive can extract slightly different data from the same disc. The differences are usually inaudible, however. Some newer drives will report the number of uncorrectable errors encountered, so you can get a sense for how accurate the extraction really is. The quality of the audio on the duplicate CD-R, given a high-quality extraction, depends mostly on how well your CD player gets along with the brand of media you " re using.

See the next section for some comments about avoiding clicks and pops. Some drives have trouble starting at the exact start of audio tracks. The extraction starts a few blocks forward of where it should, and ends a few blocks later, so the track may not sound quite right and the extraction program will report errors at the end of the last track. See section (4 - 19). The Lite-On LTN 483 S 48 x CD-ROM drive has a fairly unique bit of brain damage: it doesn't extract the last two seconds of a track correctly.

This is only apparent on audio CDs with a "cold stop", where the music plays right up to the very end of the track. If the track has two seconds of silence at the end, there are no apparent problems. One minor note: the data on audio CDs is stored in "Motorola" big-endian format, with the high byte of each 16 -bit word first. AIFF files also use this format, but WAV files use "Intel" little-endian format. Make sure your software deals with the endian-flipping correctly.

Byte-swapped CD audio sounds like "static." Subject: [ 3 - 3 ] How do I get rid of hisses and clicks on audio CDs? If you " re interested in removing noise from audio captured from an analog source, such as a record player or analog cassette tape, skip to section (3 - 12). This section is about unexpected noise in audio from digital sources, such as tracks extracted from a CD. The single most important rule of noise removal is to figure out where the noise came from.

Play the. WAV files off of your hard drive (if you " re doing direct CD-to-CD copies, extract a track and listen to it). If you hear noise in the. WAV on your hard drive, the digital audio extraction isn't working very well. You either need to extract more slowly, extract from a different device, find a program that works better, or maybe just clean the dust and grime off the source CD. For more information, including a URL for the CD-DA FAQ, see section (3 - 2).

If the problem sounds like repeated or skipped samples, rather than clicks or hissing, the problem is probably jitter during extraction. See section (2 - 15) for an overview. A nifty trick for comparing two. WAV files is to use the "Mix Paste" feature in Cool Edit. Extract a track twice, then use Mix Paste to copy an inverted version of one file on top of the other. The two sound files will cancel each other out wherever they are identical, and have little spikes where they are different.

This can be useful for seeing if the problems are only on one channel or are happening at regular intervals. You need to make sure though that both files start at the same place though. If your CD-ROM drive doesn't always extract from the start of the block, you will need to adjust the files so they line up. Useful things to do with this include comparing two extractions from the same drive, extractions from different drives, or extractions from the CD-R you just wrote to the original. WAV file you used to write it.

If you just want to see if the files are the same, use the DOS File Compare command, with the "binary" switch set: FC /B FILE 1. WAV FILE 2. WAV. Some CD-ROM drives may put a click a few seconds into the first track being extracted. This appears to be related to the drive spinning up. Try starting the extraction, cancelling, and then immediately restarting.

The rest of this section only applies if the extracted audio sounds fine on disk, but has problems when played back from the CD-R. If you " re using track-at-once recording, you may get a short click or silent "hiccup" at the start of each track. Hiccups are unavoidable, but you should be able to get rid of the click by using different software. If you " re using disc-at-once recording, and are still getting a short click at the start of every track, then your recording software is probably writing the sound file with the headers still on it. You should either use a smarter program, or remove the header manually (see the URL for "WAVECLIP", below). If you are getting clicks in the middle of a track, they are either being added when pulling the data off the disc or when writing it.

If the. WAV (AIFF on the Mac) file plays without clicks, then your CD recorder may be failing somehow during the write process. Some people who got "static" in audio recorded on an HP 4020 i found that reducing the DMA transfer rate to 2 MB/sec helped. One user was told by Yamaha tech support that crackling (similar to a dirty vinyl LP) was a symptom of laser misalignment. If you " ve been writing audio CDs for quite a while, but lately you " ve been getting "crackly" results from tried-and-true media, this might be the culprit. Since it requires returning the unit for repair, you should exhaust all other possibilities first.

If you are getting clicks at the end of a track, it's possible that the software used to create the. WAV file put some information at the very end, which is legal but not handled correctly by some CD-R software. See section (3 - 12) for tips on using Cool Edit to remove the data. If you are finding that tracks extracted from CDs don't have clicks but tracks that you have recorded or edited do, chances are the data size isn't a multiple of 2352 bytes, and the last block is being filled with junk. This is common on live recordings or when large tracks are cut into smaller ones. Jeff Arnold's DAO will fill out the last block with zeros (digital silence) if there is space left over, but most of the other programs will write garb...


Free research essays on topics related to: digital audio, cd rom drive, hard drive, exact copy, cd player

Research essay sample on Cd Rom Drive Hard Drive

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