NOTE: Free essay sample provided on this page should be used for references or sample purposes only. The sample essay is available to anyone, so any direct quoting without mentioning the source will be considered plagiarism by schools, colleges and universities that use plagiarism detection software. To get a completely brand-new, plagiarism-free essay, please use our essay writing service.
One click instant price quote
... outraging for both mother and child. Pregnant teenagers are more likely than women who delay childbearing to experience maternal illness, miscarriage, stillbirth, and Teen mothers are less likely to graduate from high school and more likely than their peers who delay childbearing to live in poverty and to rely on welfare (Annie E. Casey Foundation, 1998). The children of teenage mothers are often born at low birth weight, experience health and developmental problems, and are frequently poor, abused, and / or neglected (Annie E. Casey Foundation, 1998).
Teenage pregnancy poses a substantial financial burden to society, estimated at $ 7 billion annually in lost tax revenues, public assistance, child health care, foster care, and involvement with the criminal justice system (Annie E. Casey Foundation, 1998). During the last 35 years, women in the U. S. have seen the number of available contraceptive options fall behind those that are The two most popular methods of reversible contraception among married women in 1965 - the Pill and the condom - remain the two most popular reversible methods today (Piccinino & Mosher, 1998; Two methods approved in the past decade are Norplant, a sub dermal contraceptive implant that lasts for up to five years, and Depo-Provera, an injectable contraceptive that lasts for 12 weeks. Yet when Norplant was approved by the FDA in 1990, it had already been in use in many countries for nearly a decade (Boonstra et al. , 2000).
Depo-Provera, which was approved for use in the U. S. in 1992, had already been used by more than 30 million women in 90 countries Emergency contraception, which can prevent pregnancy after unprotected intercourse, has been available to women for more than 25 years. However, it was not until 1998 that the first dedicated emergency contraceptive pill was approved by the U. S.
Food and Drug Administration. Widespread use of emergency contraception could prevent an estimated 1. 7 million unintended pregnancies and 800, 000 abortions each year (Glasier & Baird, 1998; Van Look & Stewart, The continuing lack of sufficient options for reversible contraception has led many women to rely on perm-anent methods. Sterilization is the contraceptive choice of more than one-third (39 percent) of all couples. Among women 30 - 34 years of age, sterilization is also used more than any other method of contraception.
Even women 25 - 29 years of age - 17 percent - rely upon permanent methods For many women and couples, sterilization is not the ideal method of contraception, but it may be the best option available to them. In fact, a 1988 study funded by the National Institutes of Health showed that 30 percent of the low-income women who intended to be sterilized did not understand that the procedure would make it impossible for them to have more children (Cushman et al. , 1988). The development of further options for reversible methods of contraception would offer many people more desirable alternatives to permanent, surgical The Institute of Medicine's Committee on Contraceptive Research and Development recently recommended "that, to make a full range of contraceptive products accessible to consumers and to increase demand for contraceptive products to something closer to the level of unmet need, there should be continued and sufficient government support of contraceptive services... The committee also recommends that third-party payers, who bear the costs and may reap the benefits of the health status of their covered populations, include contraception as a covered service. Ideally, family planning services and the management of sexual health would be integrated as components of comprehensive reproductive health services (Institute of Women and men no longer need to abstain from sex for fear of having more children than they can afford or in terror of endangering a woman's health with a high-risk pregnancy. In 1965, 35 percent of married women in the U.
S. used a safe and effective method of family planning. Only one out of 10 women in the developing world did so. Today more than 50 percent of couples worldwide rely on modern methods of birth control to maintain the health and well-being of their families (Ryder & Westoff, 1971; Robey, 1994). We have come a long way - but we have a lot farther to go. Although great advances in contraceptive technology have been made in the last half of the 20 th century, there is pressing need for a much wider range of birth control options.
No single method can work for everybody - women and men's economic circumstances, health needs, lifestyles, and personal preferences are highly individual. To fill those individual needs, more safe and effective contraception options Am, Joyce C. , et al. (1997). "Fertility, Family Planning, and Women's Health: New Data From the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. " Vital and Health Statistics, 23 (19). AGI - Alan Guttmacher Institute. (1994). Uneven and Unequal: Insurance Coverage of Reproductive Health Services. New York: Alan. (1999, accessed 1999, October 5). Facts in Brief: Teen Sex web teen sex.
html. Annie E. Casey Foundation. (1998). When Teens Have Sex: Issues and Trends. Baltimore, MD: Annie E.
Casey Foundation. Boonstra, Heather, et al. (2000). "The 'Boom and Bust Phenomenon': The Hopes, Dreams, and Broken Promises of the Contraceptive Revolution. " Contraception, 61 (January), 9 - 25. Committee on Unintended Pregnancy. Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences. (1995).
The Best Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and the Well-Being of Children and Families. Washington, Connell, Elizabeth B. (1994). "Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate: Clinical Experience in the United States. " The Female Patient, 19 (10), Cushman, Linda F. , et al. (1988). "Beliefs about Contraceptive Sterilization Among Low-Income Urban Women. " Family Planning Dailard, Cynthia. (1999). "Title X Family Planning Clinics Confront Escalating Costs, Increasing Needs. " Guttmacher Report on Public. (1999 a). "U. S. Policy Can Reduce Cost Barriers to Contraception. "" Issues in Brief, 1999 series, no. 2. Eisenstadt v. Baird. (1972). 405 U.
S. 438. Glasier, Anna & David Baird. (1998). "The Effects of Self-Administering Emergency Contraception. " The New England Journal of Medicine, Griswold v. Connecticut. (1965). 381 U. S. 479.
Henshaw, Stanley K. (1998). "Unintended Pregnancy in the United States. " Family Planning Perspectives, 30 (January/February), 24 - 29; . (1999, accessed August 20). Special Report: U. S. Teen Pregnancy Statistics: With Comparative Statistics for Women Aged 20 - 24 [Online].
web preg sr 0699. html. Institute of Medicine. (1996). Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future. Washington, DC: National Lewin, Tamar. (1995, May 11). "Women Are Becoming Equal Providers. "" The New York Times, p. A 27.
Like, Kristin. (1996). Dubious Conceptions: The Politics of Teenage Pregnancy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Mosher, William D. (1988). "Fertility and Family Planning in the United States: Insights from the National Survey of Family Growth. " Family Planning Perspectives, 20 (5), 207 - 217. NCHS - National Center for Health Statistics. (1967).
Vital Statistics of the United States, 1965: Vol. II - Mortality, Part A. Washington, D. C. : U. S. Government Printing Office (GPO).
Piccinino, Linda J. (1994). "Unintended Pregnancy and Childbearing. "" Pp 73 - 82 in From Data to Action: CDC's Public Health Surveillance for Women, Infants, and Children. Hyattsville, MD: CDC. Piccinino, Linda J. & William D. Mosher. (1998). "Trends in Contraceptive Use In the United States: 1982 - 1995. "" Family Planning Perspectives, 30 (January/February), 4 - 10; 46. PL 58, 106 th Cong. 1 st sess. (September 29, 1999). Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 2000.
Robey, Bryant. (1994). "Family Planning Lessons and Challenges: Making Programs Work. "" Population Reports, Series J, No. 40. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Population Ryder, Norman B. & Charles F. Westoff. (1971). Reproduction in the United States 1965. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Saul, Rebekah. (1999). "Teen Pregnancy: Progress Meets Politics. "" The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy, 2 (3), 6 - 9.
T russell, James, et al. (1995). "The Economic Value of Contraception: A Comparison of 15 Methods. "" American Journal of Public Health, U. S. Census Bureau. (1998). Measuring 50 Years of Economic Change Using the March Current Population Survey. (Current Population Reports, P 60 - 203). Washington, DC: GPO. U.
S. Census Bureau. (1999). Statistical Abstract of the United States, 119 th ed. Washington, DC: GPO. U.
S. Census Bureau. (1999 a, accessed 2000, April 27). "Table F 22. Married-Couple Families with Wives' Earnings Greater Than Husbands' Earnings: 1981 to 1998. " Historical Income Tables - Families [Online]. web. Van Look, Paul F. A. & Felicia Stewart. (1998). "Emergency Contraception. " Pp. 277 - 295 in Robert A.
Hatcher et al. , eds. , Contraceptive Technology, 17 th edition. New York: Ardent Media. Bibliography:
Free research essays on topics related to: u s census bureau, teenage pregnancy, family planning, unintended pregnancy, depo provera
Research essay sample on U S Census Bureau Depo Provera
