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Example research essay topic: Crucial Role Strategic Factors - 1,722 words

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Politics play a crucial role in the origin and growth and even decay of cities in India. It also plays a great role in general urban development, decay and renewal. In most cases these policies are sponsored by the government, therefor, they obviously play a key role in the development of cities. In the following paragraphs I will describe different political aspects of the growth of an Indian city and how the government participated. I will also discuss the overall foreign policy of India.

Politics played a crucial role in the origin and growth of cities since the beginning of humanity. These two developments led to the appearance of political authority. The agricultural revolution itself must have been planned by leaders with imagination and foresight. Thus, a formalized leadership and a well-developed power structure emerged in this process. It is due to this, perhaps, that many cities, in ancient times and today, came into being components of large empires.

During the ancient and medieval periods administrative and strategic factors determined the location of towns and cities. This was first hand decided by the rulers or now known as the government. Being fortified around citadels, cities either flourished or decayed based on the prowess of royalty. The growth of commerce and the emergence of a merchant class have been cited as an important factor in urban growth. Typically an empire at its best contains an overgrowing body of urbanites and an upper class that has waxed more affluent and has increased its demand for a variety of goods.

Merchants are thereby encouraged to extend their domain of operation into more emote regions like urban centers. Such a movement, though, needed the support and protection offered by the political base within the homeland. Military and strategic factors, also provided by the government, have been crucial in the emergence, location, growth and decline of some cities. Towns, for example, have developed as feudal establishments with garrisons needing traders and craftsmen to meet their needs and have attracted merchants and the rural populace to undertake various functions. The strategic importance of a city is its location, especially capital cities, because no ruler would want to establish an area that is easily invaded.

Most Indian cities can be divided into two parts: the densely crowded city proper, and the widespread area with bungalows and cottages, referred to as " civil lines", each with a fairly extensive compound or garden. It is here where the rich upper class and officials live. The income is greater from the city proper then the civil lines, however, they have a greater expenditure. The city part is always grossly neglected and the poorer parts are almost ignored. It has few well-lit roads and poor drainage and sanitation. The introduction of municipal administration added a new dimension to urban politics all over the world.

So far, the cities had been governed under the shadow of an all-pervasive political authority. Now though the people were provided with an opportunity to exercise some influence within the built environment. What followed was a large political tassel between various sections and interests to control resources. Politics, so central to the emergence and growth of cities, has played an equally important role in urban development, decay and renewal. These three processes, though different, are interrelated and are part of the larger process of urbanization and what links them together is politics. Urban development can be understood as a process that leads to an extension of the boundaries of urban areas and introduces new ideas and amenities to it.

Politics comes into this process in several ways. It enters the picture in the form of quantity and quality of these amenities to be given different areas. It also plays a decisive role in the location of new extension for different sections. Again, the quality and quantity of a transit system is the focus. This, at times, however, can lead to the neglect of the old part of the city. This is where the politics of urban decay sets in.

Once an extension of a city takes place decay become a natural sequel to this process. The political reasons can be the politics of segregation as in many third world countries. For example, the civil lines set up by the British in many of their colonial cities did lead to the decay of indigenous cities. In some cases construction of a new capital would lead to great affects on the old city. However, urban decay is not solely a consequence of politics. It is the impact of a policy of segregation or preferential treatment to those sections where the more influential people live, which leads to the decay of the urban nucleus.

A decline in a civic atmosphere's standard of living eventually takes place naturally. Political intervention just speeds up the process. Since most policies are sponsored by the government, local politicians tend to play important roles in the policies of their cities. Those on the opposition would clearly criticize any programs that are presented, and try to stall its implementation by announcing alternatives or by trying to convince everyone of its harm. The government also has to deal with the demands of the powerful constituencies like commercial and industrial groups. It is extremely hard for them to ignore such interests because they depend heavily on them for financial and political support.

As a result, in spite of announcing a program with mass popular appeal and populist overtones, its ultimate shape by the time it is fully implemented may turn out to be geared entirely to the benefit of those important constituents. In taking a closer look at a certain city and its policies, Delhi can be divided into three parts. Medieval Delhi (Shahjahanabad), imperial Delhi (the British New Delhi) and expanding Delhi (the post-interdependence expansions of Delhi). Just by looking at these names we see how politics and government has shaped yet another city. Unlike a democratic United States, India, led by rulers who influence the government, make all the important decisions. Medieval Delhi has been reduced to slums due to dilapidated conditions of its buildings, high population and increase in commercial activities.

Obviously, here is another example of where the government decided its fate. The imperial Delhi is known as the garden city and is a fine example of spatial extravagance. Finally, the expanding Delhi demonstrates its limitless appetite for swallowing agricultural land and villages falling in its way. With the differences of these three areas we see that the rich and powerful people who influence the government live in the nice areas in Imperial Delhi and everyone else lives in the slums. One example of how the government takes action in some of these cities is the Utilization of transit tenements. The government had decided that particular arrangements proposed for re-housing people who were being evicted, should take place prior to the actual evictions.

Also, the government issues house-taxes on the people. This is to be considered part of the " master plan" for Delhi combined with other laws and policies that they feel only improve conditions. This just reemphasizes the feeling that the government only helps the important people of society who contribute monetarily. It is a backward way of doing things and part of the main reason why India has never gotten out of the development phase. It is part of the great disparity between the rich and poor that India is a third world country. The lack of policy to guide a dynamic ad quick-paced process like urbanization is bound to affect the nature, face and environment of urban centers.

That politics plays a crucial role in the emergence and growth of cities is an understatement. We can say that urban redevelopment is fundamentally a political activity mainly due to three reasons. First, it is planned and initiated by the government presumably to exercise political will on the subject of land use and regulation and to restructure the city. Second, urban redevelopment is directly linked to the political structure and indirectly to the populace in their twin roles of voters and clients. Third, the way redevelopment decisions are taken is political in the sense that they are usually the result of mediation and bargaining between different levels of government and political and interest groups.

These interest groups mainly being a group of important constituents. I'd like to conclude my discussion of the politics of India with a brief description of their foreign policies. After the Second World War, India had to guide her policy in accordance with the conditions created by the international situation. The interdependence of India marked the end of the imperialistic period created by the West.

So the first thing that was done in 1955 was to introduce step by step an Indian way to socialism with out the use of force. It wanted to preserve the spiritual heritage of India as far as religion and respect for humanity were concerned. India could remain within the common wealth, which had become a confederation of fully interdependent states, but was allowed to continue with its own economic policy. However, it was strongly noted of the solidarity India had to the Asian countries. India became part of a loose union of non-aligned states and was able to play an international role in the now surprised world. If one were to observe the first thirty years of India's independence it would see they were secured very well with the safety and political interdependence.

Now I'll discuss the political relations between India and the United States. President Roosevelt started the unions by stressing the importance of enhancing India's military. After the war, the United States began to help India economically and financially on an unprecedented scale. This help often came with no political returns.

Without the help of the U. S. , India would never have survived the scarcity of food in the beginning. India has never really fully accepted the policies offered by the United States, however, they did work together. One would say that it was an up and down relationship between India and the U. S. Sometimes there was great warmth expressed and agreement.

Other times there would be nothing greed upon. However, whenever India needed the aid of the United States it was readily given and accepted. Lucky for them. Bibliography:


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