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Example research essay topic: Twelve Apostles Seven Year - 1,150 words

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The piano when invented changed the way music was written, and even created new forms of music. Its invention ushered in new eras and gave people a sense of worth. But this change did not take place overnight, it took many years of hard work and labor to achieve what the piano is today. In 1698 a man named Bartolomeo Cristofori began to design an instrument, which would play both loudness and softness and be able to use an excellent range of dynamics unlike the popular instrument of the day the harpsichord. For years he worked on the instrument that would not only take over the harpsichords place in music, but also change how music was written and composed. Maybe one of the most influential instruments we will ever know.

In 1709 he finally finished this instrument and named it the gravicembalo col piano e forte (harpsichord with loudness or softness), which was later know, as the pianoforte. This was the first instrument in which composers could effectively display their emotions. Cristofori faced many problems in the creation of he piano. First he developed a system in which the player could to only hit one of the two strings for each note (una corda). He also developed an effective mechanism to use downward pressure (striking the key) and make it project the hammer towards the strings. He also had to time the hammers striking the key directly proportionate to when the sound should be heard, with this improvement came another which is vital to the pianos inner workings, the escapement.

The escapement is a device that lets the hammer strike the string and leave the string free to vibrate. The hammer is made to fall back and let the string vibrate, when the player let go of the key a damper would then fall on the string stopping the sound. Though Cristofori's pianos were softer than the harpsichord they still had a much wider dynamic range. Cristofori produced his earliest surviving piano in 1720, and his last in 1726, 5 years later he dies in 1731. Many others saw Cristofori's example and followed it, they created very useful mechanics that would make the piano what it is today. Cuisine developed the clavier that used a treadle.

Jean Marius who combined Cuisinies ideas with Hebestreits (a harpsichord maker) ideas to create the clavering a mallets which used hammers striking the strings in 4 ways; downward, direct, the use of a damper, and one using harpsichord jacks and pianoforte hammers... Once news got around that Cristofori has designed the piano many instrument makers began building pianos. The organ builder Gottfried Silberman n (who developed the prellmechanik-rebound rail) built a piano and showed it to Bach who did not like it because the high notes were poor and the keys too heavy. So Slibermann redesigned his piano and got a much more pleasing result from Bach.

The square piano, which is not really a square at all but a rectangle, first appeared in the 1740 s in Germany. During this time the seven-year war was taking place in Germany and this forced many great composers to flee to England, there were twelve in particular known as the twelve apostles. Three in particular Americus bakers, Johannes Pohlmann, and Zumpe, these people would later contribute to the square piano. Backers and Zumpe in 1763 started working on the square piano, they based much of their information on Cristofori himself's works. This helped them to develop a simpler mechanism in which to build a piano with the keys horizontal to the strings. These were an instant success and were out of supply quickly.

Yet the main flaw in these pianos was that there was no escapement so you could not play the same note twice. Also there was no hammer check so the hammer could bounce back and hit the sting twice. These pianos were nothing compared to the grand pianos of the day, the toning was bad and they were all prone to twisting because of the tension with the strings. The introduction of the iron frame helped the piano but it was too late The square piano got larger and larger as its quality increased and it became too large for domestic use. And by the 1840 s it was out of use. Yet in America they stayed in production with Steinway and sons for at least 40 more years.

The square piano ushered in the need for a large piano with quality tone and good dynamic response, the developer of this piano was Americus Backers, one of the twelve apostles, and his apprentice Robert Start. He designed his first grand piano in 1772. But it was John Broadwood who would pioneer the art of piano building, he built his first grand piano in c 1781 and by the end of the 18 th century was making 400 pianos a year, but not without advancements. He changed the point of attack 1 where the hammer hits the string, this changed the whole tone of the piano and when he divided the bridge into two sections he added a half an octave at the top and bottom creating a 5 and 1 / 2 octave piano. And as the crisis was cooling in Europe Broadwood was left as one of the main manufacturers in England. As the seven-year war purged Germany of its musical minds, so the French revolution drove those in France to England, which by now was the piano production capital of the world.

One French piano maker, Sebastien Erard contributed enormously to the construction of the piano. The first was his double escapement which allowed a key to be played twice in a row without fully releasing the key. Making the note quick and easy to play (Later improved by Henri Herz). This, when applied to the grand piano, helped his company (the Erard Company) to compete with other companies such as; Cleminti (collard and collard), Tompkins on and Broadwood.

With the rise of the Romantic Movement in the 19 th century the piano endured much wear and tear, composers would go through one piano each performance because the strings would snap and many other problems would arise. So a solution had to be found. It soon came from Broadwood, who developed a way for the tension to be released from the strings by putting iron spacers between the pin block and the belly rail where the high plate is attached. But that did not totally solve the problem. Over stringing, invented by Steinway and sons, also helped. This was done by running bass strings diagonally over treble strings.

The upright piano was first designed in 1800 following experiments with grand pianos. Two people actually living two worlds away designed it, Matthias Muller in Austria, and John Isaac Hawkins in Philadelphia. The concept was a piano with the strings running up a...


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