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Example research essay topic: Lake Champlain Supreme Court - 1,875 words

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... s opened in Dorset in 1785, Vermont marble has been used in many buildings, including the United States Supreme Court building in Washington, D. C. Granite is taken from the Barre region and from other quarries on the east slopes of the Green Mountains. The slate industry is also centered in Rutland County. Vermont is one of the top four states in talc production.

Sand and gravel are also valuable mineral products. The state was once a leader in asbestos production, but health concerns related to the effects of asbestos fibers in the lungs have caused severe cutbacks in the industry. Because of the Green Mountain barrier through the center of the state, most transportation routes run in a generally north-south direction. The first main road extended northwestward from Springfield to Chimney Point on Lake Champlain.

This was the Crown Point Military Road, constructed in 1759 - 60. Today Vermont has more than 15, 000 miles (24, 000 kilometers) of federal, state, and local highways. The main north-south highways are US 7 in the Vermont Valley west of the mountains and US 5 in the Connecticut Valley east of the mountains. The chief east-west highways are US 2 in the north and US 4 across central Vermont. Two interstate highways pass through Vermont. Interstate 91 parallels the Connecticut River and US 5.

Interstate 89 runs across Vermont from White River Junction to the Highgate area. In 1848 the Vermont Central became the first railroad to operate in the state when a passenger train ran between White River Junction and Bethel. A second railroad, the Lake Champlain and Connecticut River, was the first to reach Burlington. Today Vermont is served by a dozen railroad companies.

Several airlines provide regularly scheduled service. Vermont's cool climate, mountain lakes, and fine scenery have made the state a tourist attraction of growing popularity. Lake Champlain lures thousands every summer for boating and other water sports. Lake Memphremagog stretches into Canada for 37 miles (60 kilometers), from Newport to Magog, Que. The most popular hiking route is the Long Trail, which follows the crest of the Green Mountains for more than 260 miles (418 kilometers).

Many winter visitors come for skiing. There are more than 15 major downhill ski resorts, including those at Killington, Stowe, Stratton Mountain, West Dover, Warren, and Burlington. Vermont's world-class cross-country ski areas include the Craftsbury Nordic Center, which is also used as a training ground for the United States Olympic cross-country team. Vermont maintains about 100 covered bridges, most of which were constructed before 1912 and are protected by state law. Among the state's historic sites is the Bennington Battle Monument, marking a 1777 defeat of the British. The Old Constitution House at Windsor is called the birthplace of Vermont.

The Shelburne Museum, near Burlington, is known as the Museum of the American Spirit because its 45 -acre (18 -hectare) site holds so many artifacts of early New England homelife, including barns, shops, and houses. Vermont's pioneers put up log schoolhouses almost as soon as they built their cabins. The constitution of 1777 called for state-supported schools, including one grammar school in each county and one state university to be established by the General Assembly. A town school-district system of education developed.

In the 1840 s the public high school began to compete with the state's many private academies. Today the public school system is managed by the Department of Education. It is directed by a board of education appointed by the governor. A commissioner of education administers its policies. The largest institution of higher learning is the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College. This land-grant university, located at Burlington, was chartered in 1791 and opened to students in 1800.

Other state-supported schools are Vermont Technical College, at Randolph Center, and colleges at Castleton, Johnson, and Lyndonville. Other schools of higher education are Middlebury College, at Middlebury; Norwich University, at Northfield; St. Michael's College, at Winooski; Goddard College, at Plainfield; Trinity College, at Burlington; Bennington College, at Bennington; Marlboro College, at Marlboro; and Green Mountain College, at Poultney. There is also a junior college located in Montpelier. Montpelier has been Vermont's capital since 1805.

Before that time the capital was at various places including Windsor and Rutland. The state is governed under its third constitution, adopted in 1793. The chief executive officer is the governor, who is elected every two years. The General Assembly consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The judiciary is headed by the Supreme Court. The major element in local government is the town meeting.

All voters must take the Freeman's Oath, a holdover from colonial America: "I solemnly swear (or affirm)... that whenever I am called to give my vote or suffrage, touching any matter that concerns the State of Vermont, I will do it so, as in my conscience, I shall judge will most conduce to the best good of the same, as established by the Constitution, without fear or favor of any person. " In national and local politics Vermont has been strongly Republican. Except in 1964, the state's electoral votes have been cast for the Republican presidential candidate in every election since 1856. During the same time period Democratic governors served only five terms 1963 - 69 and 1973 - 77. In 1984 Madeleine M.

Union, also a Democrat, was elected the state's first woman governor. (Criticized for an environmentally tough land-use law that she initiated, she did not run for a fourth term in 1990. ) In 1990 Bernard Sanders, a socialist who had served as mayor of Burlington for nine years, became Vermont's sole United States representative the first third-party candidate to be elected to Congress since 1952 and its first socialist member in more than 60 years. George Aiken, a former Vermont governor who served as senator from 1941 to 1975, was noted as a champion of liberal legislation, often opposing his own Republican party. Warren R. Austin, another senator from Vermont (1931 - 46), was the first United States ambassador to the United Nations. What is now Vermont was included in several different grants of land made by British monarchs. The charter of Massachusetts Bay of 1629 laid claim to most of the land west of the Connecticut River.

New York claimed the region on the basis of grants first made to the duke of York in 1664. A third claim, by New Hampshire, was based on a 1741 decree of King George II. After Vermont declared itself an independent state in 1777, while the war for independence was going on, the other states finally agreed to recognize its boundary claims. Massachusetts adjusted its differences in 1781, New Hampshire in 1782, and New York in 1790. This paved the way for the admission of Vermont to the Union in 1791. The first Europeans to enter the Green Mountain state were Samuel de Champlain and his party of French explorers.

In 1609 they paddled up the lake later named for Champlain (see Champlain). For more than 100 years after that, however, the area remained unsettled. In 1666 the French built Fort St. Anne on Isle La Motte as part of their Lake Champlain fortifications, but the settlement was short-lived. The British established the first permanent settlement, at Fort Drummer in 1724. It was built by Massachusetts Colony to protect its people in the Connecticut Valley.

The town of Brattleboro later grew up near the fort. The close of the French and Indian War in 1763 gave the British possession of the Lake Champlain area. Lord Jeffrey Amherst had built a strong fort at Crown Point, N. Y. , and a military road through the wilderness to the Connecticut River. After the war many settlers entered the region. Beginning in 1749 the governor of New Hampshire had issued grants of land for new towns in the Vermont region.

Settlers on these New Hampshire grants cleared forests, built cabins, and planted crops. After 1764 the New York governor granted charters to land that was already occupied under the New Hampshire Grants. Many settlers could not afford the additional fees needed to repurchase their hard-won acres from New York. Fear of losing their land caused the settlers to revolt against New York authority in several violent incidents, including the seizure of the courthouse in Westminster, during which two of the rebels were killed, in March 1775.

In 1770 Ethan Allen recruited the Green Mountain Boys to protect the interests of New Hampshire settlers in the western part of the territory. Others in this daring band included his brother Ira Allen and Seth Warner. When the American Revolution broke out, hostile actions against New York ceased as both sides concentrated on defending the colonies against the British. On May 10, 1775, Ethan Allen led his band in the capture of Fort Ticonderoga in New Yorkone of the first important American victories of the war. Seth Warner helped take Crown Point two days later. Many Green Mountain Boys later followed Allen in a futile attack on Montreal. (See also Allen, Ethan; Revolution, American; Ticonderoga. ) In January 1777 a convention of Vermonters met at Westminster and set up a state independent of both New Hampshire and New York.

Another convention met at Windsor in July and adopted a state constitution. It was the first American constitution to give suffrage to all men and to forbid slavery. In July 1777 the British general John Burgoyne sent a force to capture military supplies stored at Bennington. On August 16 this force was routed west of Bennington by patriots under Gen. John Stark.

This victory started the series of defeats that led to the vital surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga in October. Vermont asked the Continental Congress for recognition but failed to get it, largely because of the disputed boundaries with neighboring states. The state then existed as an independent republic for 14 years. Finally, after all the boundary arguments were settled, Vermont was admitted to the Union on March 4, 1791. During the American Civil War, Confederates raided St. Albans, robbing the town's banks of more than 200, 000 dollars.

They escaped to Canada where they were brought to trial and freed. The first president from Vermont was Chester A. Arthur, born in Fairfield. He became the nation's 21 st president when James A. Garfield was assassinated in 1881. In 1923 the death of Warren G.

Harding made Calvin Coolidge of Plymouth president of the United States. The new president was sworn in at the family home by his father, a notary public. Vermont's rural population and its number of farms have declined drastically. Family farms have been combined into larger units, and many farmers have sold their lands, unwilling to modernize equipment and unable to expand their herds. The textile and lumber industries have also lost ground. The building of the first ski lodges in the 1930 s, during the Depression, laid the foundation for a winter tourist industry.

Although the state has succeeded in attracting new industries, the supply of skilled labor and housing has not been sufficient to meet their needs. From 1970 to 1980 the population of Vermont increased by 66, 724, or 15 percent above the national average of 11. 4 percent. Bibliography:


Free research essays on topics related to: lake champlain, supreme court, general assembly, north south, cross country

Research essay sample on Lake Champlain Supreme Court

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