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Example research essay topic: Ca Sage Statistical Analysis - 2,079 words

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... aires tends to fall into two broad categories - facts and opinions - and it is that at all stages of using questionaire's the researcher is clear about whether the information being sought is to do with facts or to do with opinions. Factual information does not require much in the way of judgement or personal attitudes on the part of respondents. It just requires respondents to reveal (accurately and honestly) information: their adress, age, sex, medical status, number of children etc. Opinions, attitudes, views, beliefs, preferences etc. can also be investigated using questionaire's.

In this case, though, respondents are required to reveal information about feelings, to express values, to weigh up alternatives etc. , in a way that calls for a judgement about things rather than the mere reporting or facts. There are many types of questionaire's. They can vary enormously in terms of their purpose, size and appearance. To qualify as a research questionaire, however, they should: Be designed to collect information which can be used subsequently as data for analyses.

Consist of a written list of questions. Gather information by asking people directly about the points concerned with - 12 - the research. (Denscombe 1998: 87 - 9) I will use questionaire's as a part of my survey. - 13 - Interviews are an attractive proposition for the project researcher. Interview data can be used in a variety of ways and for a variety off specialist purposes, depending on the background of the researcher and the context in which the interview occurs. For project researchers, by far the most common use will be as a source of information. Interviews can be a very effective method used in this way. For this purpose, the contents of the interview are more or less taken at face value for what they have to tell the researcher about the particular toping being discussed.

Although the interviewer will want to cross-check for accuracy, the data themselves consist of the information conveyed in the informants words. As an information gathering tool, the interview lends itself to being used alongside other methods as a way of supplementing their data - adding detail and depth. It is, indeed, frequently used by way of: Preperation for a questionaire. To fine-tune the questions and concepts that will appear in a widely circulated questionaire, researchers can use interviews to supply the detail and depth needed to ensure that the questionaire asks valid questions. Follow-up to a questionaire.

Where the questionaire might have thrown up some interesting lines of enquiry, researchers can use interviews to pursue these in greater detail and depth. The interview data complement the questionaire data. Triangulation with other methods. Rather than interviews being regarded as competing with other methods, they can be combined in order to corroborate facts using a differnt approach. Structured interviews; involve tight control over the format of the questions and - 14 - answers.

In essence, the structured interview is like a questionaire which is administrated face to face with a respondent. The researcher has a predetermined list of questions, to which the respondent is invited to offer limited option responses. Semi-structed interviews; the interviewer still has a clear list of issues to be addressed and questions to be answered. However, with the semi-structed interview the interviewer is prepared is prepared to be flexible in terms of the order in which the topics are considered, and, perhaps more significantly, to let the interviewee develop ideas and speak more widely on the issues raised by the researcher. The answers are more open-ended, and there is more emphasis on the interview elaborating points of interest. Unstructed interviews; go further in the extent to which the emphasis is placed on the interviewees thoughts.

The researchers role is to be as un intrusive as possible - to start the ball rolling by introducing a theme or topic and then letting the interviewee develop his or her ideas and pursue his or her train of thought. One-to-one interviews; involves a meeting between one researcher and one informant. Only two peoples diaries need to consider. Opinions and views expressed through out the interview stem from one source: the interviewee. The researcher has oly one persons ideas to grasp and interrogate, and one person to guide through the interview agenda. Focus group; consist of a small group of people, usually between six and nine in number, who are brought together by a trained moderator (the researcher) to explore attitudes and perceptions, feelings and ideas about a topic.

Group interviews; have several advantages over individual interviews. In - 15 - particular, they help to reveal consensus views, may generate richer responses by allowing participants to challenge one another's views, may be used to verify research ideas of data gained through other methods and may enhance the reliability of... responses. (Lewis 1992: 413) I am going to interview people within the industry as well as the ones who are affected by. It is an important method for me to collect and merge previously gathered information with now day issues. - 16 - Observation offers the researcher a distinct way of collecting data.

It does not rely on what people say they do, or what they say they think. It is more direct than that. Instead, it draws on the direct evidence of the eye to witness events first hand. It is based on the premise that, for certain purposes, it is best to observe what actually happens. There are essentially two kinds of observation research used in the social sciences. The first of these is systematic observation.

Systematic observation has its origins in social psychology - in particular the study of interaction in settings such as classrooms (Flanders 1970; Simon and Boyer 1970; Croll 1986). It is normally linked with the production of quantitative data and the use of statistical analysis. The second is participant observation. This is mainly associated with sociology and anthropology, and is used by researchers to infiltrate situations, sometimes as an undercover operation, to understand the culture and process of the groups being investigated. It usually produces qualities data. The obvious connection is that they both rely on direct observation.

In this respect they stand together, in contrast to methods such as questionaire's and interviews, which base their data on what informants tell the researcher, and in contrast to documents where the researcher tends to be one step removed from the action. (Denscombe 1998: 139) I am planning on observing the current advertisement strategies and material through the color variable in my own perspective. It will prove its effectiveness more clearly if they do or do not apply to studied standards and restrictions. - 17 - Documents generally provide a source of data which is permanent and available in a form that can be checked others. Documentary research provides a cost-effective method of getting data, particularly large-scale data such as those provided by official statistics. Vast amounts of information are held in documents.

Depending on the nature of documents, most researchers will find access to the sources relatively easy and inexpensive. All investigations that lay claim to being research should start off with a literature review. A literature review serves certain essential functions for research. It: shows that the researcher is aware of the available existing work already undertaken in the area; identifies what the researcher takes to be the key issues, the crucial questions and the obvious gaps in the current state of knowledge; provides signposts for the research about where the research is coming from - it allows the reader to see which theories and principles have been influential in shaping the approach adopted in the proposed research. The types of documentary data are: books and journals, web site pages and the internet, newspapers and magazines, records, letters and memos, diaries, government publications and official statistics. (Denscombe 1998: 158 - 169) I will mostly rely on documents for creating the structure and the hierarchy of my project. And also I will use a lot of help from previously done statistic documents to refine and construct the object of my thesis. - 18 - The use of quantitative data in research has its attractions.

It carries with it an aura of scientific respectability. Because it uses numbers and can present findings in the form of graphs and tables, it conveys a sense of solid, objective research. Quantitative data lend themselves to various forms of statistical techniques based on the principles of mathematics and probability. The analysis appear to be based on objective laws rather than the values of the researcher. Statistical tests of significance give researchers additional credibility in terms of the interpretations they make and the confidence they have in their findings.

The analysis of quantitative data provides a solid foundation for description and analysis. Interpretations and findings are based on measured quantities rather than impressions, and these are, at least in principle, quantities that can be checked by others for authenticity. Large amounts of quantitative data can be analysed relatively quickly, provided adequate preperation and planning has occured in advance. Once the procedures are up and running, researchers can interrogate their results relatively quickly. Tables and charts provide a succinct and effective way of organising quantitative data and communicating the findings to others. Widely available computer software aids the design of tables and charts, and takes most of the hard labour out of statistical analysis. (Denscombe 1998: 204 - 5) I will use quantitative data analysis to present my findings about sales and success results of products related to use of color. - 19 - Qualitatitive research is an umbrella term that covers a variety of social research, drawing on a variety of disciplines such as sociology, social anthropology and social psychology.

It concerns with meanings and the way people understand things. Human activity is seen as a product of symbols and meanings of the social group to make sense of things. Such symbols and meanings need to be analysed as a text - to be interpreted rather like a literary critic interprets a book. Qualitative research concerns with patterns of behaviour. Here the focus is regularities in the activities of a social group, such as in rituals, traditions and relationships, and the way these are expressed as patterns of behaviour, cultural norms and types of language used.

A particular strength associated with qualitative research is that the description and theories such research generates are grounded in reality. This is not to suggest that they depict reality in some simplistic sense, as though social reality were out there waiting to be discovered. But it does suggest that the data and the analysis have their roots in the conditions of social existance. There is little scope for armchair theorizing or ideas plucked out of thin air.

There is richness and detail to the data. There is tolerance of ambiguity and contradictions. There is prospect of alternative explanations. (Denscombe 1998: 220 - 21) What is important about well-collected qualitative data? One major feature is that they focus on naturally occuring, ordinary events in natural settings, so that we have a strong handle on what real life is like. (Miles and Huberman 1994: 10) I will use some qualitative data for my thesis. My observations about relations between the products and people will yield some qualitative data to analyse later. - 20 - Croll, P. (1986) Systematic Classroom Observation.

London: Falmer. Denscombe, Martyn (1998) The Good Research Guide. Buckingham: Open University Press. Flanders, N. A. (1970) Analysing Teacher Behaviour. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Hammersley, M. (1992) Whats Wrong with Ethnography? The myth of theoretical description, Sociology, 24: 597 - 615. Lead, P. D. (1993) Practical Research: Planning and Design, 5 th Ed. , New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

Lewis, A (1992) Group child interviews as a research tool, British Educational Research Journal, 18: 413 - 32. Malinowski, B. (1992) Argonauts of the Western Pacific. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Miles, M. and Huberman, A. (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Simon, A. and Boyer, G. (1970) Mirrors of behaviour: an Anthropology of Classroom Observation Instruments. Philadelphia: Research for Better Schools Some, B. (1995) The contribution of action research to development in social endeavours: a position paper on action research methodology, British Education Research Journal, 21 (3): 339 - 55. Spector, P. (1981) Research Designs. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Susan, G. and Every, R. (1978) An Assessment of the scientific merits of action research, Administrative Science Quarterly, 23 (4): 582 - 603.

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Research essay sample on Ca Sage Statistical Analysis

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