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Example research essay topic: Free Market Economy Political And Economic - 1,128 words

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... approved a new constitution that gave the president enormous powers. However, the Liberal Democratic Party, led by ultra nationalist Vladimir Zhirinovsky, won more seats than the Reform Party in the new parliament, called the Federal Assembly. In the 1995 elections, the Communist Party prevailed, winning 157 of 355 seats -- enough to make them the strongest party in parliament and a thorn in the side of the reform-minded Yeltsin. The resurgence of this "new communism" and ultranationalism -- both with supporters who generally oppose cooperation with the West -- was seen by many observers as a sign that the Russian people are growing weary of Yeltsin's reforms.

However, in July 1996, the Russian people reelected Yeltsin in the first presidential election since the breakup of the Soviet Union. Yeltsin was not a shoo-in: In the first round of the elections, he won only a third of the popular vote. The remainder of the votes were divided between various candidates, including the second-place finisher Gennady Zyuganov, the head of the Communist Party, and Alexander Lebed, who as a candidate proposed more moderate economic reforms and tougher laws against crime. Yeltsin and Zyuganov faced one another in a final run-off election; Lebed endorsed Yeltsin. Citizens had to decide between two visions for the future of Russia: whether they wanted the country to become integrated into the international economic community or revert to its past ways of communism. In the final run-off, Yeltsin won 54 percent of the vote, a decisive majority.

Some observers believe that the fact that a run-off election was needed to prove a clear majority demonstrated many citizens lack of confidence in Yeltsin's leadership. However, most Russian experts believe that the voters, by choosing Yeltsin over Zyuganov, proved that they wanted to move forward -- although cautiously, with more economic reform. Those who supported Lebed and his moderate reform agenda in the first election were instrumental in giving Yeltsin the support he needed to win the run-off. Some observers think that the roots of democracy are becoming firmly established in Russia and point to the fact that 67 percent of the citizens voted in the elections as evidence. Others are still worried about the power which Communists hold in the parliament.

Economic Aid. Since 1991, the U. S. government has allocated over $ 3. 65 billion to help Russia move towards a free-market economy. The United States has given grants for food and other essentials such as energy and shelter. It has also donated funds to rebuild Russias infrastructure (roads, bridges, and buildings) and invest in private business and industry.

In addition, Congress granted Russia most-favored-nation status to provide added economic assistance. In February 1996, the International Monetary Fund -- with strong backing from the United State -- approved a $ 10. 2 billion loan to Russia. However, loan funds will be dispensed in installments and only if Russia demonstrates that it is proceeding deliberately toward democratic and economic reform. Questions About Yeltsin's Leadership. President Clinton has been highly supportive of President Yeltsin's political and economic reforms. However, critics of this policy believe that the Clinton administration has been short-sighted in its support of Yeltsin, due to the questionable future of his economic reforms, his failing health, and the wavering support of the Russian people.

In recent years, controversy has surrounded Yeltsin. In early 1996, he fired many of the officials responsible for some unpopular economic reforms, an act that some think was an attempt to appease the Communists in parliament. Yeltsin is also under increasing pressure to end the economic suffering of the Russian people, which has sent his popularity plummeting and encouraged his political opponents. There is also considerable concern over Yeltsin's health. The Russian president has suffered from heart disease, and underwent surgery in November 1996. He has since contracted pneumonia and his recovery has been slow.

Some wonder whether he can ever fully recover from the operation and his struggles with alcohol and serve effectively as president. However, there is no clear path for succession if Yeltsin were to die or resign. According to the Russian constitution, if the president dies, the office will be temporarily filled by the prime minister until elections are held within the next three months. If Yeltsin does not complete his term as president, it would create a vacuum in leadership for a country in the midst of political and economic transition. There are many theories abound concerning the direction that Russian reform policy will take if Yeltsin is no longer able to serve as president. Gennady Zyuganov garnered almost a third of the votes in the 1996 presidential election and is still a force in Russian politics.

Lebed also proved that he has a wide base of support. Some think that the United States, to prepare for the uncertain future facing Russia, should establish relations with members of parliament and other potential leaders. Expansion of NATO. One point of growing contention between the United States and Russia is the expansion of NATO. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a military alliance originally formed in 1949 to protect its members -- the United States and most of western Europe -- from the Soviet Union. To be admitted into NATO, a country must demonstrate its military strength, governmental stability, and loyalty to other member nations.

The governments of many eastern European nations believe they have demonstrated these qualities by establishing democratic institutions and free-market economies. The eastern European nations are eager to solidify their relationship with the West and are actively pursuing their membership in NATO, despite complaints from the Russian government. Russian officials believe that a formal alliance between eastern European countries and the West would threaten Russias national security. Many experts say that if the former eastern bloc countries are allowed to join NATO, Russia must be included as well. However, opponents say that Russia cannot yet be trusted as a Western ally because the Communist Party still has too much influence in the government.

Although the high voter turnout and the reelection of Yeltsin in 1996 are positive steps towards the continuation of political and economic reform in Russia, some think that democracy's future in Russia, and therefore the countrys relations with the United States, is uncertain. Some Russians see the positive changes of reform; they enjoy greater freedom of expression and understand the potential for prosperity in a free-market economy. Others, however, long for the certainty of life that they had under communism. Yeltsin is under great pressure to end his countrys staggering economic hardship, and his ability to govern has come under question. The United States is deeply concerned about this unstable situation, because the outcome may determine the future of democracy not only in Russia, but also in the entire region. Bibliography:


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Research essay sample on Free Market Economy Political And Economic

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