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Example research essay topic: Free Market Economy Members Of Parliament - 1,086 words

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Boris Yeltsin's Economic Reforms and Political Struggles Russia's Move Towards a Free-Market Economy Chechnya's Struggle for Independence Presidential and Parliamentary Elections Questions About Yeltsin's Leadership In 1991, the Soviet Union was officially dismantled, and the communist regime there came to an end. Democracy has since been introduced in Russia and other former Soviet republics, and in 1992 the people of the Russian Republic elected Boris Yeltsin -- a pro democracy, pro capitalism candidate -- as their president. The international community, including the United States, was cautiously optimistic that Yeltsin would be able to revitalize the Russian economy and establish a democratic political system. Since becoming president, Yeltsin has implemented various economic and political reforms, but Russian citizens and members of parliament have varying opinions about whether the actions will have positive effects on the economy and the lives of the people. Currently, the United States is concentrating on maintaining relations with the Russian Republic through ties with Yeltsin, because many experts think that he offers the best chance for democracy in Russia. Some observers think that this policy may be short-sighted, however, because of Yeltsin's current lack of political support from his own constituents and his continuing health problems.

The recent election of many communists and nationalists to the Russian parliament and the significant support that Yeltsin's opponents received in the presidential election of 1996 is evidence of the Russian presidents growing unpopularity with the people. In addition, his illness has led to a increasing insecurity about the future of Yeltsin and his reforms. The United States has not openly pursued relations with any members of parliament or other potential leaders. Ultimately, the progression of democratic and economic reform depends on the will of the Russian people and their actions at the ballot box.

Some analysts believe that citizens are torn between the desire for democracy, including a free-market economy, and the security of the old communist system. Boris Yeltsin's Economic Reforms and Political Struggles Russias Move Towards a Free-Market Economy. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia has been building the framework of a free-market economy almost entirely from scratch. President Yeltsin introduced economic "shock therapy" -- radical measures to quickly transform Russias state-controlled economy into a free-market system. In 1992, price controls were lifted from most goods and essentials, such as energy and food staples. Under communism, the government determined what products were produced and at what price.

Under the principles of a free-market economy, supply and demand generally dictate what goods are produced and how much they cost. By lifting price controls, Yeltsin hoped to promote competition among manufacturers and introduce Russia into the international trading community. Yeltsin also implemented an ambitious privatization program to sell state-owned assets to Russian citizens and encourage worker ownership and entrepreneurship. Each Russian citizen received a voucher or, as Yeltsin explained, "a ticket for each of us to a market economy. " Russians could either use these vouchers to bid for stocks in companies or trade them in for cash. When the program ended in July 1994, 70 percent of Russian industry -- over 100, 000 small businesses and more than 15, 000 medium and large companies -- was owned by private citizens.

Nonetheless, Yeltsin's program was not entirely successful. Some Communist Party leaders and members of organized crime attempted to bribe or intimidate people to obtain extra vouchers. Furthermore, many of the inefficiencies that existed when industries were government-regulated persisted under the new system. And some of the largest state-owned industries have yet to be privatized because these monopolies are difficult to dismantle. Since the implementation of Yeltsin's reforms, the Russian economy has been in a state of flux. Many experts argue that this instability is a natural stage in the transition towards a capitalist economy.

Over the past five years, domestic production has dropped 41 percent and unemployment has risen 7 percent. Rampant inflation -- which has caused prices to rise as much as 2, 500 percent -- has at times made food and other necessities unaffordable. Statistics show that 20 percent of Russians are now living under the official poverty level. Russian workers complain that even though more goods are available, they cant afford to buy them. Some Russian citizens long for the days of communism, when they were assured the basics of life such as a job, food, shelter, and health care.

Chechnya's Struggle for Independence. In December 1994, Yeltsin sent 40, 000 Russian troops to suppress a separatist rebel uprising in Chechnya, a predominantly Muslim region in Southern Russia. The rebels wanted independence from the Russian central government. Armed with makeshift weapons and government-issued equipment, they clashed with the Russian army. The army's inability to contain a rebellion led by a group of unorganized guerrilla forces, whose continued successes made international news headlines, became an embarrassment for Yeltsin. President Clinton -- usually an ally of the Russian president -- criticized the excessive force of Yeltsin's military actions in Chechnya.

Even some of Yeltsin's supporters in Russia voiced concern. They believed that, although it was important for Russia to keep its republics together, violently suppressing the political aspirations of citizens was contradictory to democratic ideals. And many were worried that Russia was falling apart, just a few years after the rise of democracy. More than 30, 000 Chechens, mostly civilians, and some 3, 000 Russian soldiers died in the fighting, which lasted for more than sixteen months. Russian security chief Alexander Level negotiated a peace agreement with Chechen rebel commanders in September 1996. The agreement stated that Russian troops would withdraw immediately from Chechnya, under the joint supervision of the two adversaries.

A cease-fire was agreed upon and the rebels now control Grozny, the regions capital. The question of Chechnya's independence has been deferred for five years. Many Chechens and Russians alike are dissatisfied with the temporary agreement and are still angry about the tragedies of the previous months. While some think that the Chechen claim for independence can be discussed more calmly in five years, others think that the dispute will only continue to fester and may again break out into violence. Presidential and Parliamentary Elections. From the outset of his presidency, Yeltsin had many disagreements with communists and nationalists in the parliament over economic and democratic reforms.

But in a democracy, these kinds of disputes are often settled at the ballot box. Russian citizens have had a chance to voice their views of Yeltsin's reforms in the recent parliamentary and presidential elections. In December 1993, the Russian voters...


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Research essay sample on Free Market Economy Members Of Parliament

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