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Anthropologists and Archaeologists Anthropologists and archaeologists have influenced our lives in so many ways. They have taken us back to our most humble beginnings. They have given us an awareness of just how far we have come through the centuries. Archaeology is the investigating of life by unearthing and interpreting the objects left behind by earlier peoples and cultures, dating back to prehistoric times.
Anthropology is the scientific study of hominids, their physical features, development, and behavior. Anthropology is broken into two parts: physical and sociocultural. Physical is concerned with human evolution and biology and the study of primates. Sociocultural anthropology investigates fieldwork of food production, social organizations and religious beliefs, clothing, language and other aspects of various cultures from the beginnings of our evolution to present day times. Ethnology is another facet of anthropology that fine tunes these cultural studies.
Archaeology tells us how these people lived by examining the objects they used. Anthropology tells us how we have changed and evolved from their advancements. By examining their bones, we can determine their brain size and posture. Their tools found tell us their ability to adapt to the environment (their intelligence levels) and provide for their basic needs. Archaeologists have discovered many artifacts in the 150 years that the field has been active. Anthropology has enlightened us to how are minds and bodies have changed since the mid 19 th century.
Both archaeologists and anthropologists are working towards the goal of discovering how and when man began. To understand their significance we must look into what we once thought we knew and what we think we know today... In the 19 th century, anthropology emerged as a distinct field of study. Lewis Henry Morgan, who did major research on the Iroquois, was the founder of this discipline in North America...
The European founding figure was British scholar Edward B. Taylor, who perfected a theory of human evolution with special concentration on the origins of religion. Major foundations for scientific archaeology developed. Mostly by Danish archaeologists at the Northern Antiquities Museum in Copenhagen, Denmark.
From excavations they discovered development of tools from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age. In Olduval Gorge in East Africa, Louis S. B. Leakey and his wife, Mary D. N.
Leakey and their son Richard, discovered a series of fossils in the 1960 s. Their findings revised the understanding of human biological evolution. These paleo anthropologists focused their work on Homo habits. In the 1970 s and 80 s, fossil remains dug up east Africa, have provided more evidence that in the period from one million to three million years ago, the genus-Homo (true Human) existed with other man-ape forms known as australopithecines. Both the genus-homo and the Australopithecus are descendants of an Ethiopian fossil, Australopithecus afarensis. This ethiopian fossil is 3 million to 3. 7 million years old.
This time frame keeps him in the Homo habits genus, though he had the legs and body for walking biped ally. Homo erectus developed the use of fire. The oldest evidence of such was excavated at a site in Beijing, China called Zhoukoudian. Homo erectus improved on his tools, clothing and shelter. Cave dwelling developed under his advancement. Homo Sapiens (Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon), after learning how to survive, began caring for their community and developed art and spiritual The 19 th century anthropologists found that kinship relationships form the substance of social relations in all premodern societies.
The most important social groups are the clan, lineages, and other kinship organizations, in earlier non-industrial societies. A common ancestor and his descendents make up a kinship based society. Religious fraternities and secret societies are examples of non-kinship based, non-industrial societies. Food is the source of life.
How food was obtained determined the settlement of a community, i. e. prehistoric man (cro-magna) was nomadic Homo Sapiens because he was a hunter of meat and gatherers of fruits and vegetables. Social structure advances as leaders were established to organize big game hunts.
Evolution of thinking matured as reasons for happenings were sought. Magic rituals and burials for their leader evolved. As they developed tools and joined forces with other groups to hunt, they started early societies. When people, finally, learned to domesticate plants and animals they lived in one place all of their lives.
Soon cities came about; Jericho, in the middles east is one of the first discovered villages found, dating back to 8000 B. C. The village of Cat Huyuk, in present day Turkey, dates from 7000 - 6300 B, C. Some of their tools, that have archeologically been excavated from this neolithic period show their advancement in civilization.
There mud brick houses show their love of art as their walls were painted with various scenery. Some civilizations were united by religious ceremonies, food bargains, and cultural features. Some of the first civilizations were in the Middle East, Egypt, Northern India, South East, Asia, China, Mexico, and Peru, which are now their own countries. Military forts and fortifications were built to protect their villages. Temples where also built for religious services and sacrifices. Social classes were also built putting the militants and kings at the top of all the classes, and the slaves at the bottom of the social classes.
Social stratification, with a small military-religious elite and a large subservient population of peasants and workers, was an inevitable consequence As mans thinking evolved into the hows and whys, spiritual development began Religious beliefs emerged beginning with the worship of natural elements ie the moon, the sun. Polytheistic gods evolved as the civilizations grew into larger communities and improved their language base. Babylonian and Egyptian cultures had strong polytheistic god structure. This continued into the Greek and Roman periods, till monotheism evolved with Judaism and Christianity.
People have been killed for not accepting the major deities of their respective periods. This unfortunately continued after the birth of Christianity. Religious persecutions continue today in other countries. The scientists of ancient times had to sacrifice a lot, sometimes even their lives, to teach people the wonders they discovered.
In 700 B. C. time frame, during Greek civilization, people believed in the humors. They would bleed people if they were sick. These scientists did eventually convince people that science could help them, and their way of life. Scientists were not as skilled then as they are today, but when a discovery was made it was considered modern information.
If an invention was made or patented it was modern technology, even if the discovery or invention was several years old. Our civilization has advanced far beyond their capabilities with technologies greater than Belief systems of simple hunting-gathering bands can be complex with regard to the supernatural world, the so-called forces of nature, and the behaviors of spirits and gods. Few small-scale societies, however, seem to have few elaborate ideas about the supernatural, the causes of things, and the hereafter. Basically all human groups, large and small, have shamans-men or women thought to have direct contact with supernatural beings and forces, from which they derive power to affect such problems as illness. Explanations of cultural evolution have been elaborated extremely over the centuries. The majority of early excavations were religious crusades of some sort of another, or treasure hunting by and for elite rulers, pretty constantly right up until the second study of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
Most of the early digging was looking for gold and other valuable items to sale or keep. Most were pirates and merchants looking for a quick way to be rich. Some were successful while others were not so lucky and prosperous as the others. The pirates and merchants even robbed graves of past kings and other rulers of the past, just to make a quick fortune. They would also rob sacred temples and steal sacred relics. Some were recovered in archeological digs and discoveries.
The first tentative step forward towards archaeology as a science took place during the Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason. Europe in the 17 th century and 18 th century it was great time of great growth in scientific and natural exploration. scientist, poets, philosophers, and reached into classical antiquity, particular Greece, to wonder how rationalism, what they considered the supreme human reason, ever came to be realized. Human society everywhere must develop linearly, it was felt, beginning with stone tools, growing with the invention of agriculture, and ending with the pinnacle of human culture.
It was a great step for the people of the 17 th and 18 th centuries to look into ancient civilizations, to learn more about how humans came to evolve into what they The one and only systematic archaeological investigation during the Enlight- event project was Thomas Jefferson's excavations in Virginia in 1784; most antiquarians were content to theorize. The Enlightenment ended with the American and French Revolutions, but the whole point of the era was that of the Great Chain of human cultural evolution -- was to lead men (rich European men) to investigate the globe Bibliography: Bibliography 1. Farah, Mount A. and Karl's, Andrea Berens.
World History, The Human Experience Glance McGraw-Hill Publishing, New York, New York, copyright 1997. 2. web 3. web 4. web
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Research essay sample on 19 Th Century Homo Erectus
