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Example research essay topic: Earths Surface Organic Matter - 3,264 words

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Adhesion: Holding surface together with an adhesive Advance: The work of excavating as mining forward in an entry and in driving rooms; to extract all or part of an ore Agglomeration: A concentration process based on the adhesion of pulp particles to water in ore benefaction Alloy: A substance having metallic properties and being composed of two or more chemical elements of which at least one is an element of metal Amalgamation: The production of an amalgam or alloy of mercury Anemometer: An instrument to measure the velocity of air Anomaly: A body, which is much different in geological and mineral content than the surrounding formations Antimony: A trivalent and pentavalent metallic element which is rather soft usually in metallic silvery white, crystalline Arches: A large building with a curved top over an opening, usually as a monument Bagging: Flexible tubing for conducting compressed air, water, or steams usually constructed from canvas and rubber Ball mill: Mill which has balls inside that are used to crush big minerals Ballast: Broken limestone pieces to carry mine track within its side Bell conveyor: A moving belt that rides on rollers and used to carry coal or other materials to various locations Bench: A long seat; a strong on which mechanics prepare their work Bentonite: A montmorillonite type clay formed by the alteration of volcanic ash Blind shaft: A small shaft driven between two galleries Blister copper: An impure intermediate product in the refilling of copper Boundary: A line between areas of the earths surface occupied by rocks or formations of different type and different age Brittle: A mineralogical term meaning not flexible and ductile Cage: The cabin in the shaft to carry men, mine cars and materials Ceramic: A class of inorganic, non-metallic products which are subjected to a high temperature during manufacture or in use Clay: A fine-grained, natural, earthy material composed primarily of hydrous aluminium silicates Combustible: A substance that can be easily set on fire or that readily takes fire and burns Communication: The breaking, crushing, or grinding of coal, ore, or rock Conveying: Transporting by conveyors from the ore body to the shaft Copper: A reddish metallic element in group IB of the periodic table Crushing: To reduce ore or quartz by stamps, crushers or rolls Cut-off tenor: The lowest tenor for mining Cutting machine: A power-driven machine used to undercut or shear the coal to facilitate its removal from the face Cyclone: Refers to the conical shapes apparatus used in dust collecting operations Dam: A bank or mound raised to keep back Debris: Rock fragments, sand, earth, and sometimes organic matter, in a heterogeneous mass, as at the foot of a cliff Detonation: An explosion or sudden report made by the inflammation of certain combustible bodies Development: To open up a coal seam or ore body as by sinking shafts and driving drifts, as well as installing the equipment needed Dewatering: Removing water by pumping, drainage, or evaporation Dilution: Mixing of ore with other material lowering the tenor of the ore Discipline: Employee discipline implies subjection to authority or instructions given by a mine official Dragline: A type of excavating equipment which costs a rope-hung bucket, a considerable distance, collects the dug material by pulling the bucket toward itself on the ground with a second rope, elevates the bucket and dumps the material on a spoil bank, in a hopper, or on a pile Drilling: The act of process of making a circular hole with a drill Dump: Combination of all waste materials which are useless Dust: Earth or other matter reduced to small particles which can easily be raised and carried by air Dynamite: An industrial explosive which is detonated by blasting caps. The principle explosive equipment is nitro-glycerine or specially sensitive ammonium nitrate Earth: The solid matter of the globe in distinction from water and air; to the ground; the firm land of the earths surface Efficiency: The ratio of work output to work input Environment: The aggregate of all the surrounding conditions, influences, or force affecting a locus sedimentation Excavation: Digging and removing soil Explore: To search, develop or prospect Fault: Breaking plane of a vein or seam Fault line: The intersection of a fault surface or a fault plane with the surface of the earth or with any artificial surface of reference Feldspar: One of a group of rock-farming minerals which includes microline, orthoclase, plagioclase and an orthoclase Filtration: A process for separating solids from the liquid Firedamp: Mixture of methane and air Flint: A variety of quartz, a cryptocrystalline substance composed of silica Flocculation: The gathering of suspended particles into aggregations Gallery: An excavation carried from the shaft horizontally to reach the ore body Gateway: A gallery driven horizontally to follow a seam or a vein Geological reserve: An unknown reserve but the geological information indicating the possibility of such reserve Grinding: Size reduction of ore and other materials into ida tively fine particles Hand picking: Manual removal of ore from the soil Haulage: Transportation of cars and miners horizontally Head frame: Steel or concrete tower to carry the hoisting forces Helmet: A covering which protects the head Hoisting: Lifting something upwards from the earth Humidity: The quantity of moisture in the air Hydraulic Transport: Transportation of ore from the working places to the processing plant in pipes Inclination: The angular depth of vein, bed and etc. ; measure in degree from the horizontal plane Incline: A gallery driven from the surface downward to reach the ore body at an inclination of 10 - 30 degrees Isomorphism: The name given the phenomenon where two ro more minerals which are very similar in their chemical properties, crystallize in class of the same system of symmetry Jigs: Devices which separates coal from foreign substances by the help of density using water Junctions: Combination; the act or operating of joining Level: Galleries driven from the shaft at different elevation Locomotive: A car with an engine usually used to carry mine cars from one place to another on tracks Magnetic separator: A machine which is used to separate magnetic minerals found in nonmagnetic substances Malleable: Capable of being extended or shaped by beating with a hammer, for example gold, silver etc Metal: The pure element of a mineral, mostly having special physical and electrical properties Mine: Location and installation, from which ore is extracted and a saleable product is obtained Mine car: A container holding the ore Mineral: Any natural product having a chemical formula with proper physical characteristics Ore: A mass of valuable minerals from which a saleable product can be obtained Ore body: A solid with enormous mass of ore which looks like a big rock Outburst: The name applied to violent evolution of firedamp from working fact Panning: Washing earth or crushed rock in a pan by agitation with water to obtain the particles of greatest specific gravity in it Parachute: A safety device to keep the cage or skip in the shaft in case of rope breaking Pelleziting: A method in which finely divided material is rolled in a drum or in an inclined disk so that the particles cling together and roll up into small spherical pellets Pillar: The area of coal or ore left to support the overlying strata or hanging wall in a mine Polymorphism: The property of presenting many forms, especially in crystallography the ability of certain substances to crystallize with different ratios without changing chemical properties Possible reserve: An ore body determined in one dimension. Mostly depth Potential reserve: A proven reserve but not economic under the prevailing conditions Power plants: Buildings that are producing electrical power Probable reverse: An ore body determined in two dimensions; length, width. The depth isnt fully determined Profit: The money earned when you subscribe lost money from total earnings Proven reserve: A visible reserve on which the tonnage, tennis, mineralogical investigation have been compiled Pulp density: The amount of valid in a pulp ranging from 10 to 25 percent by weight in flotation Railroad: The road or steel bars which carry mine cars Raise: A gallery driven upward to make connection with the upper level Ramp: A gallery of small inclination in spiral form Recovery: The percentage of the recovered metal versus the total metal content of the ore Refrigeration: Cooling of air before it gets more hot Regulator: A sliding door opening to regulate the amount of air Reservoir: A natural underground container of liquids, such as all or water and gases Retreating long wall: First driving haulage road and airways to the boundary of a track of coal and then mining it in a single face without pillars back and toward the shaft Rock: Naturally formed matter that is a part of the earths crust Roof bolts: Long steel bolts driven into walls or roof of underground excavations to strengthen the pinning of rock strata Rope: A bunch of steel wires wound to carry the cage and the skip Seam: Bed of coal or other mineral generally applied to large deposits of coal Selective mining: A method of mining whereby ore of unwarranted high value is mined in such manner as to make the low grade ore left in the mine incapable of future profitable extraction Shaft: Excavation usually carried vertically to reach lowest position of ore body Shaking table: A table which eliminate the reduction by their density Shovel: An instrument used for lifting earth or other loose substances Skip: A large container to carry the ore to the surface inside the shaft Slime table: A table for the treatment of slime; a buddle Study: A suspension in a liquid especially water of a solid Spraying: The application of enamel slip or glaze to surface by using spray gun Stope: Place where ore production is made Stowing: The material brought from the surface or from other part of the mine to replace the ore taken out Stripping: An excavation with power shovels in which the coal seams are laid bore by stripping of the surface soil and rock strata Strontium: A bivalent metallic element in group II of the periodic system Tailings: The parts, or a part, of any incoherent or fluid material separated as refuse, or fluid material separated as refuse, or separately treated as inferior in quality Tenor: The percentage of the valuable element in the reserve Tie: Wooden or steel pieces on which the rails are placed Tool grinder: One who grinds the cutting tools for stone working planers and clothes in stonework industry Track: The system composed of rails, ties and ballast on which the mine car are rolled Vein: A zone or belt of mineral ised rock lying within boundaries clearly separating it from neighbouring rock Ventilator: A mechanical apparatus for producing a current of air in underground as a blowing or exhaust fan Venture: Flexible pipe which is used to convey the air blowing from a ventilator Visible reserve: An ore body determined in all dimensions; depth, length, width, thickness Wet cutting: A method of dust prevention in which water is delivered onto the moving cutter chain, through water pipes and is carried into the cut where it is intimately mixed with the cuttings Wet drilling: Drill by using the pressure of water which is good for pretending dust Winder: An electrically driven winding engine for hoisting a cage or cages up vertically in a mine shaft Winding: Vertical transport through the shaft Winze: A gallery driven downward to make connection to the lower level Sentences with the words used in the dictionary including mining & related terms Adhesion: 1) Adhesion is the work of holding surface 2) In adhesion the effect is produced by forces between molecules 3) Shearing resistance between soil and another material under zero is called adhesion Advance: 1) To advance galleries either drilling, blasting or mechanical excavation method can be used 2) Role of advancing is very important in order to reach ore body 3) Mechanical gallery advancing is the most effective way in long distanced galleries Agglomeration: 1) Agglomeration is a kind of a concentration process 2) Agglomeration also refers to briquet ting, novelizing, sintering, etc. 3) Agglomeration is based on adhesion of pulp particles to water Alloy: 1) An alloy may be a compound of the metals 2) An alloy may be a solid mixture of the metals 3) An alloy may be a heterogeneous mixture Amalgation: 1) Gold is treated with mercury in order to obtain amalgam on the surface 2) Amalgation process for gold is done to mix gold with mercury 3) The process by which mercury is alloyed with some other metal is called amalgation Anemometer: 1) Speed of wind and other moving gases are measured using an anemometer 2) Anemometer consists of a small fan from 7. 6 to 15. 2 cm in diameter that is rotated by the air current 3) Anemometer is held in the mine airway for the exact number of minutes Anomaly: 1) Drilling for economic mineral deposits might be conducted in the 2) In seismic usage anomaly is generally synonymous with subsurface structure 3) A crystallographic anomaly is the lack of agreement between the apparent external symmetry of a crystal and the observed optical properties Antimony: 1) Antimony is extracted from ore by roasting the ore and reducing with carbon 3) Antimony can be found in element, oxide and sulphide forms Arches: 1) Steel arches are used to support galleries 2) The steel arches are needed to carry forces applied by rocks 3) Supporting galleries with steel arches reduces the accident rate Ball mill: 1) Ball mill is a type of a crusher which has balls inside 2) In order to crush big substances ball mills are used 3) Crushed particles of a given size range are placed in a ball mill Ballast: 1) In railways ballast are used to support rails 2) Putting ballast under wooden ties is very important in rail laying 3) Broken rock pieces used in railways are called ballast Baryte: 1) Natural barium oxide (Ba SO 4) is called baryte 2) Baryte is also used in medical industry in X-ray diagnosis 3) Baryte is usually found in a white crystalline powder form Bell conveyor: 1) Bell conveyor is used in the transportation of materials inside mines & factories 2) Bell conveyors are the most efficient and cheapest way of transport 3) Bell conveyors work with an angle between 0 - 17 degrees Bench: 1) Mechanics prepare their work on benches 2) Benches are a type of seats which are strong and long 3) Place where mechanics prepare their work is called bench Bentonite: 1) Bentonite is a clay called material similar to fullers earth 2) Bentonite is formed by the alternation of volcanic ash 3) Bentonite is used to absorb oil and grease Blasting: 1) Blasting is a method used in advancing 2) In blasting method different types of explosives are used 3) ANFO (Ammonium nitrate 94 % + Fuel 6 %) is often used in blasting Blind shaft: 1) Blind shaft is a kind of a shaft 2) Blind shaft is used between two levels 3) By enlarging a vertical drill hole blind shaft can be made Blister copper: 1) Blister copper is produced by blowing copper matte in a converter 2) Blistered copper ore is a reform variety of chalcopyrite 3) The blister of copper are formed by gas escaping from within copper Boundary: 1) Films of one constituent of an alloy surrounding the crystals of another are called boundary films 2) A map created for the purpose of delineating a boundary line and the adjacent territory are called boundary maps 3) A major fault with a considerable displace men is called boundary Brittle: 1) The quality of a material that leads to crack propagation without appreciable plastic deformation is called brittle 2) Chloritoid, basic silicate of aluminum, iron, and magnesium are some of the mica's having brittle laminae 3) A non ductile material that fails catastrophically under dynamic loading is called a brittle material Cage: 1) Cages usually designed to take one or two cars per deck 2) There is a guide found to prevent cages from swinging and colliding 3) There is short prop or catch on which cage stands Cave: 1) Collapse of the walls on root of a mine is called cave-in 2) A person whose hobby is to explore caves is a caver 3) A compact bended deposit of calcite or araginot (cave marble) can be found in caves Ceramic: 1) Ceramic is any of a class of inorganic, nonmetallic products that are subjected to a high temperature during manufacture or use 2) The work of ceramics is the pertaining to products or industries involving the use of clay or other silicates Clay: 1) Kaolinite and china clay are good examples of clay 2) Clay is a case of complex silicate 3) Clay seam or gauge found along the sides of veins are called clay Combustible: 1) Combustible games form a layer under the roof of a mine roadway 2) Combustible gases in mines are very dangerous and need to taken out 3) Methane is an example of combustible gases Communication: 1) To obtain proper material size for machinery is purpose of communication 2) To prepare material for marketing is a purpose of communication 3) To provide a certain degree of liberation is a purpose of communication Conveying: 1) There are two types of conveying; hydraulic, pneumatic conveying 2) Conveying is done by the help of compressed water or air Copper: 1) Copper is used in steam boilers, electric wire and in numerous alloys 2) Copper is the best conductor of electricity after silver 3) Copper is a free metal and unaffected by water or steam Crushing: 1) In crushing process Roll, Cone, Impact and other crushers are used 2) Crushing is a step in communication 3) Plant mills in mineral processing are also used in crushing Cutting machine: 1) A machine powered by compressed air or electricity that drives a cutting chain or other device is called cutting machine 2) Coal-cutting machine that is an adaptation of a shortfall machine 3) An undercutting machine electrically driven cutting machine used to make a cut about 3. 0 m deep near the bottom of a coalbed Cyclone: 1) Cyclones are the conical shaped apparatus used in dust collecting operations and fine grinding applications 2) In principle, the cyclone varies the speed of air 3) There are two types of cyclones; wet, hydraulic cyclone Dam: 1) Dam in needed to keep foul air or water, from mine workings 2) Dam can also isolate underground workings that are on fire 3) In a blast furnace the cast-iron plate supports the dam Debris: 1) A dirt -filled bag used for pack walls and chocks is called debris bag 2) Debris consists of rock fragments, soil material, and sometimes organic matter Detonation: 1) Simply detonation is an explosive decomposition or explosive combustion reaction 2) There is pressure produced in the reaction zone of a detonation 3) Devices are used prevent a detonation initiated Development: 1) Development is an intermediate stage between exploration and mining 2) Work to reach ore body is termed as development Dewatering: 1) The mechanical separation of a mixture of coal and water into two parts is a kind of dewatering 2) A settling tank for clarifying washer circulating water is used in dewatering 3) A screen is used in dewatering for the separation of water from solids Dilution: 1) The contamination of ore with barren wall rock in stoping is called dilution 2) The mixture of ore other sub...


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Research essay sample on Earths Surface Organic Matter

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