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Example research essay topic: Von Laue Bolshevik Revolution - 1,174 words

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... had Trotsky murdered. Stalin also rid the Soviet regime of all Trotsky's followers. Stalin proceeded to remove Trotsky from all Soviet history records, referring to him only as "Judas" Trotsky. The irony is that a supposedly atheist leader used a biblical traitor as a reference to his rival. One of Stalin's main strategies to attain power was his allegiance to Lennon.

He issued an address to the II All-Union Congress of Soviets. This became known as "The Vow to Lennon." He said, "We Communists are people of a special mold. We are made of special stuff. We are those who form the great proletarian strategist, the Army of Comrade Lennon...

There is nothing higher than the title of member of the party whose founder and leader is Comrade Lennon... " (Treadgold 193) In this statement Stalin places Lennon, the Soviet Army and in effect himself on a pedestal. This convinces the masses that their cause is noble and proud. This speech ensured that under Stalin's rule the goals and the methods of Lennon will forge ahead. However, it became true that Stalin's approach to the cause carried on in away that Lennon would have regarded as disgraceful. By 1929 the political system in the country had changed dramatically.

Stain crushed any opposition he may have had and practically re-installed the totalitarian regime. In 1928 Russia's economic policy under Lennon was replaced by the new Five-Year plan. This plan was supposed to transform big industry and agriculture. The plan marked the beginning of what is often referred to as the "Stalinist Revolution", or his plan to transform the entire country. But this "revolution" bared little resemblance to the Old Bolshevik Revolution. The plan used decimal point precision to create the image of effectiveness.

These stats were only for show and were said to be nothing more than a loose set of goals. (Von Laue 213) The collectivization of agriculture and widespread starvation teamed with mass repression by Stalin signaled the end of the old revolution. People were now forced to accept the ideology of Stalin's regime. Between 1928 and 1930 public trials were held in which various members of the bourgeoisie were tried for destroying the economy. Stalin accused these people of being traitors. Stalin's main target was called the "Kulaks." These were wealthy farmers whom resisted the collectivization of their farms by destroying their livestock and crops. Stalin blamed the Kulaks for the new economic crisis.

He ordered a complete liquidation of the Kulaks and had many executed or deported. Like many other successful propagandists, Stalin believed that cinema was an ideal medium of persuasion. Stalin built up a system of control over Soviet cinema that outlived him. "His desire to supervise Soviet cinematography bordered on an obsession. (Shlapentokh 75) In 1925 perhaps the most famous propaganda film made by a soviet named Sergei Eisenstien. The Battleship Potemkin tells a story of a rebellion on a ship. These rebels were meant to represent the Soviets and glorify their cause. Stalin knew all the leading Russian film directors personally and would meet with them frequently.

He directed them to take their films in certain directions, and often ordered the creation of particular films. In addition Stalin banned several films that did not completely maintain his propaganda efforts. Among these banned films was Iosif Khefit's, My Motherland. Khefit was asked by Stalin's people to make a movie about the conflict between the Soviet Army and the Chinese army in Manchuria. The movie was a perfect example of Stalinist propaganda. The Russians prevailed, won the hearts of the oppositions' peasants.

It's emphasis was on total world revolution, the Communist's main focus. However, Stalin felt that in this film, the Soviet Army was not harsh enough on the "evil" Chinese army. He ordered the film destroyed. Over the years Stalin's propaganda efforts often changed and many times contradicted with his prior views. This especially occurred in his foreign policy. As he did domestically, Stalin insisted that all Socialist values be absolutely consistent with his own.

He labeled all other varieties as "the moderate wing of fascism." (Encyclopedia of Propaganda 677) While he formally perceived the western society as the enemy, he then decided to team with the League of Nations. He allied The Soviet Union with the western democracies and their anti-fascist efforts. The Soviet propaganda role in The Spanish civil war was especially active. Stalin urged people of all the allied nations to volunteer to join the fight against German aggression in Spain.

However, Stalin grew insecure and his fear of the German forces prompted him to sign the Non-Aggression Pact with Nazi Germany in 1939. Again, this was a complete turn-around. This led to divisions within the party, and many members withdrew to continue with the anti-Hitler campaign. This teamed with the purges, where many party members were arrested, deported, or executed, created chaos within the party.

Stalin grew paranoid and continued to accuse party members of conspiring to overthrow his regime. These were mostly false accusations, and served as excuses for many of his failures. Stalin's World War II propaganda was directed at Britain, more specifically Winston Churchill. He and his followers spoke out against American intervention in the war. However, after the war was over and Germany lost, the tables turned again. Fascist collaborators were convicted, as he simultaneously placed the blame for all war on capitalism.

He followed by placing anyone with strong ties to either the Nazi's or the Western world in redoctrination camps, or "gulags." It's estimated that between four and five million people were imprisoned in gulags. (Wheatcroft 290) Many of the prisoners were eventually executed. It is also estimated that the level of excess mortality registered by civilians was between three and four million. (Getty 290) In 1948 the Soviets, under Stalin, began to support a theory that was introduced by Trim Lysenko. His theory said that certain characteristics are transferred genetically. (Encyclopedia of Propaganda 680) The state wanted to install the belief that model communists could be manufactured genetically. This would ultimately lead them to the promised land; a Soviet Utopia.

Stalin died in 1953, along with his regime of terror. All said, the Soviet Union rooted it self with propaganda. Starting before the Bolshevik Revolution, continuing through the reigns of Lennon and Stalin, and up until the dissolution of the USSR, propaganda was frequently used. The art of persuasion and coercion is what anchored the rise and fall of the communist Regime. Bibliography: Works Cited Ellen, Jacques. Propaganda.

New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965. Encyclopedia of Propaganda. Volume III, Editor: Robert Cole. P 675 - 680.

New York: Sharp Reference, 1998. Getty, J. Arch and Roberta T. Manning. Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Pipes, Richard. Revolutionary Russia. Cambridge: Harvard university Press, 1968. Shlapentokh, Dmitry and Vladimir Shlapentokh.

Soviet Cinematography 1918 - 1991. New York: Alone De Gruyter, 1993. Treadgold, Donald W. Twentieth Century Russia. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981.

Von Laue, Theodore H. Why Lenin? Why Stalin? Philadelphia: J. B. Lippingcott, 1964.


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